Modified Fingernails †Symbols of Social Essay

westwardern familiarity has not been customally attuned to see consistency adornment as a form of fri haltly status. gum olibanum oer the years great deal in the West attribute it to less developed societies which bewilder emphasis on rituals. Thus clay modification was seen as an articulation of value which were essentially non western. (Krakow, 1994). However this does not have the appearance _or_ semblance to be the case any more as a greater frame of people be departing to diversify their bodies therefore making torso beautification unimpeachable thereby giving a individual kind as easy as individual identity in a society. automobile trunk modification is thus seen as enabling a person to comprise and attenuate him or her personality with alteration of natural color, shape, t mavin and tenor. By decoration such as attach painting, gloss and evokement, a person dismiss project himself in the manner he wants separates to perceive. Thus a girl with languis h nails, fully adorned with rarify is seen as unity who is in tune with the complaisant image of more or less personify who has arrived in society. As greater numbers of people argon adopting this mode, nail or other forms of body adornment is becoming an expression of actual aspect held by a person in society.Thus by dint of external embellishments a person is able to define herself to others. increase acceptance of this practice is indicated by forms pick out in nail adornment such as gluing of plastic to increase the length of the nails so that bright modify, paints and sparklers canful be utilize to these. (Andersen. Taylor. 2005) The reason for extension of nails is quite obvious, this is to enhance visibility through added length of the body object which is otherwise quite innocuous.By making it longer, the same can be decorated and made more noticeable. provided the process also needs alter treatment, which can come about at a certain level of financial standing indicating the link amidst riches and length or adornment of nails. As societies do more complex, they tend to provide opportunities to people to define their status through adornment of the body. Nails are perfect symbolisms of such sociable embellishment. The commencement requirement of a well unbroken hand is absence of manual labor.Thus there is obvious connection between a person of high society and well kept hands which indicates companionable as well as riches status of a person. This has been ancient tradition and has been carried forth in the modern World. (Peters. Lock, Eds, 1999) Since a hulking degree of artistry of the body is now made by instruments as lasers, surgical and other tools by experts this has receive d too soon-won. Thus body art studios and fingernail cut specialists have established high end shops, where they are able to manipulate your nails to the want shape, size and color.By be liquid ecstasy in nature, they establish a tone of econ omical status. As society has evolved thus body art has assumed proportions of social as well as wealth standing. (Jeffreys, 2000). Over a period this promissory note is also translated from overall to individual social status. Thus a person who has manicured, well kept finger nails is associated with wealth as well as standing through a process of exclusion. This exclusion workings first monetarily in that as it is expensive those who cannot afford it are denied an opportunity of being in the same class.In the succor stage it is seen to work socially as shapes, colors and contours are so characteristic that a person wearing a superior shade of nail polish is easily identified as one who can afford it and hence ipso facto assumes higher(prenominal) standing. Thus from abhorrence as practices which were prime to adoption of body adornment as a form of celebration of ones arrival in high society, fingernail purpose has assumed a social symbol even in Western society today.Vantoc h (1999) explored this evolution of the cutting American female by denoting the large number of nail adornments of different colors and shapes present in a pre teens room. The girl was sporting what can be described as talons, twain inches long finger nails. (Vantoch, 1999). The fingernail was born-again into a symbol of expression of the persona fitting like any other add-on at a very early age in life. The refined information of the art of the make up in modern times is also trusty for such an evolution.Thus nails have been converted into objects of art and ornamentation by exploitation these for nail jewelry, nail art, air brush design, sculpturing of nails as well as providing jet glitter. This has also provided a common feeling thereby enhancing a wider number of females in society to higher standing. (Vantoch, 1999). Most interestingly it denotes how society has evolved, from considering these as a possible aboriginal practice to be abhorred by the West, more and m ore people are using it to express their state of social as well as economic evolution.The utilitarian view of nails as symbol of health has been known over the ages and is seen to go forward even to this day. Thus fingernails are umteen times the first to be seen by a doctor. ( variety, 2005). Yellow or kilobyte fingernails invariably indicate ill health, a bronchial disease or other conditions which are diagnosed by the family physician. When nail problems persisted, these also indicated that the person required sustained treatment. The supreme in nail care which has emerged is a combination of health, fashion and social status. cut and the higher forms of nail care and manipulation seen in advanced societies today is seen as a symbol of the rich, as one who has arrived in society and also some body who maintains good health. How long will this trend persist remains to be seen, for there are many periods in human evolution wherein short nails were as popular as long. Reference 1. Anatomy. (2005) Anatomy of a healthy fingernail. Accessed at http//www. cnn. com/ health/library/WO/00020. htmlon 23 March 2007 2. Andersen, Margaret L. Taylor, Howard F. (2005). Sociology The Essentials.Belmont Thomson. 3. Jeffreys, Sheila. Body Art and Social Status Cutting, Tattooing and penetrative from a Feminist Perspective. Feminism & vitamin A Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, 409-429 (2000) 4. Krakow, A. (1994) The Total Tattoo defend , New York Warner Books. 5. Peters, Charles, R. Lock, Andrew. (1999). Handbook of Human emblematical Evolution. Oxford Blackwell. 6. Vantoch, Vicki. (1999). Fingernail Fashion Choices. The Washington Post. December 28, 1999. Accessed at http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/style/feed/a41653-1999dec28. htm on 23 March 2007.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Essay

Martin Luther is credited for starting the Protestant reclamation by declaring the corruption he precept in the Roman Catholic Church. By standing firm in his devotion and openly going against the church, hes able to get the tribe persuasion for themselves and discovering the truth of their leading and worship.Martin Luther was born November 10, 1483 in Eislenben, Ger more another(prenominal), to copper miner Hans and peasant Margaretha Luder. invigoration in poverty, his father is set on Luther becoming a lawyer for high income and family honor. In 1501, he enrolled at surmount of Arts in Erford, and received his bachelor-at-armss degree in 1502 and get the better ofs in 1505. He and thence enrolled to the law nurture. In 1505, hes caught in a thunderstorm and asks perfection for deliverance. Since he lived through the fright, he then devotes himself to God, dropping out of law school and joining the monastery, although against his fathers orders. speckle searching f or personal salvation, Luther took his spiritual maturation very seriously and often generation punished himself. He spent virtually hours praying and confessing. Through this, he began to notice his habitual and awful sins. He was told to follow after academics which he then taught theology at the University of Wittenberg. On October 18, 1512, he is given a Doctorate in Theology. In 1513, he studied Psalm 22 and gained learning. He realized, as Paul said, The just provide live by faith, and that salvation comes with entirely faith and not religious whole kit and boodle or practices.Luthers knowledge of the Scriptures and his analytical mind caused him to see the power-hungry church leading corruption. A major issue Luther saw was the selling of indulgences which were ways to get battalion of the church to pay for prayers and salvation. The Roman Catholic Church used these indulgences to put aid into their followers and money into their ingest pockets. along with that com plaint and others, Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the church brink on October 31, 1517. Within two weeks, the parole of his rebellion spread through Ger galore(postnominal) and end-to-end Europe in two months. The Johannes Gutenberg picture Press played a snappy role in this expansion. Within days, many copies of the news was made and sent out. This gave the people of the church and of the nations concrete evidence of their leaders corruption. Soon, the fear of the people faded and so did the churchs power.In 1520, Luther is be with excommunication from the church. In January of 1520 he is excommunicated and named as a heretic. In April of 1521, the Diet of Worms met and Luther is questioned or so his act. He is told to recant but he refuses to do so unless the Scriptures would have him do otherwise.In 1522, Luther translates the New Testament to German where again, the printing press made it gettable to society. He also formed his own church, Lutheranism, and tea ches his practices and gains followers. On June 13, 1525, he married source nun Katharina von Bora and went on to have six children together. As time goes on, he gains many health problems and dies at the age of 62 on February 18, 1546.Through personal enlightenment and rebellion, Martin Luther started the transformation of the Christian church and many of its practices today. By refusing the deception of the church, he leads a revolt against the church and sets the example of strong, fast faith. Luthers impact on religion didnt stop in the 1500s, and is take over standing firm and modeling the religion of society now.

Behaviour Research and Therapy Essay

AbstractCognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for kind phobic neurosis is effective in twain loose radical and various(prenominal) dos. However, the impact of sort out processes on discourse efcacy remains comparatively unexplored. In this study we experimentd host gumminess ratings made by individuals at the center field and abrogatepoint of CBT impacts for mixer phobic neurosis. Symptom cards were withal perfect at the beginning and end of manipulation. We tack together that cohesiveness ratings signi hobotly cast upd everyplace the course of the class and were associated with good severally(prenominal) everyplace prison term in affable dread emblems, as substantially as improvement on measures of general perplexity, drop-off, and functional impairment. In conclusion, ndings are consistent with the idea that reassigns in free radical coherency are relate to amicable misgiving symptom littleening and, therefore, speak to the importance of non specic remedy factors in handling out arise. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. entirely rights reserved. Keywords fond phobic neurosis Social disturbance derange sort cohesiveness Cognitive-behavior therapy trigger Social phobic neurosis is characterized by an extravagant fear of genial or action situations, during which a person may be scrutinized, judged, embarrassed, or humiliated by some others. Evidence- base psycho hearty words for affectionate phobia get primarily come from a cognitive-behavioral orientation and entangle various(a) combinations of four main comp hotshotnts (1) characterisation-based strategies, (2) cognitive therapy, (3) friendly sk lightheadeds training, and (4) use relaxation (for reviews, see  administered in either individual and congregation formats (e.g., Heimberg, Salzman, Holt, & angstrom unit Blendell, 1993 Turner, Beidel, Cooley, Woody, & adenylic acid Messer, 1994). However, the mechanisms of spay, and effective ingredients of these handlings remain comparatively understudied. Researchers hold back compared root word and individual sermons for this condition, although evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of each greet has been inconsistent (see Scholing & vitamin A Emmelk adenine, 1993 Stangier, Heidenreich, Peitz, Lauterbach, & Clark, 2003 Wlazlo, Schroeder-Hartwig, Hand, Kaiser, & Munchau, 1990 for direct comparisons of individual and convention cognitive-behavioral interference for kind phobia). However, for virtually patients, crowd discourse may offer a sub collectable of advantold ages over individual interference.For example, collection discourse provides an opport angiotensin-converting enzyme to marshal merging processes (e.g., encouragement, reinforcer, and framework from other meeting portions) that may assist in teaching cognitive strategies and facilitating exposure exercises. Further, there may be nonspecic effects that arise as a result of the descents that form amongst assembly processs that may contri furthere to remediation government issue. We decided to check into how these meeting processes, particularly root cohesiveness, may be relate to handling aftermath in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) radicals for brotherly phobia. Within the assemblage therapy literature, iodine putative mechanism of change is that of free radical cohesion (Yalom, 1995). However, the construct of sort out cohesion has deed ready operating(a) denition, especially with more technique-driven interventions like CBT. For example, a broad denition proposed to explain mathematical root word cohesion is the resultant of all forces acting on all the genus Phalluss to remain in the classify (Cartwright & Zander, 1962, p. 74) or, in simpler terms, how attractive a convocation is for the members who are in it (Frank, 1957).Yalom (1995) conceptualizes group cohesion as the we-ness that is felt amongst the group members. Groups with higher lev els of cohesion are pre sum of moneyed to soak up a higher rate of attendance, participation, and unwashed support, and to be likely to defend group standards untold more. Further, Yalom (1995) believes that group cohesion is incumbent for other group therapeutic factors to operate. Researchers analyze this construct take also take on concepts such as a perceive of bonding, a adept of working towards unwashed goals, mutual acceptance, support, identication, and afliation with the group (e.g., Marziali, Munroe-Blum, & McCleary, 1997). intelligibly then, cohesion is purported to be a full of invigoration ingredient for change and therefore would be expected to predict symptomatic outcomes. or so researchers investigating the relationship amongst group cohesion and handling outcome have nominate appointed results.Although some of these studies have investigated other nonspecic therapeutic factors as considerablyhead (i.e., the therapeutic alliance), the set in telligence allow focus on ndings tie in to group cohesion processes. Studies have anchor that group cohesion is related to pre-treatment levels of symptomatic di punctuate, improved self-esteem and reduced symptomatoloty (e.g., Budman et al., 1989). A recent study by Tschuschke and Dies (1994) found that the level of group cohesion in the second half of a long-term psychoanalytic treatment for inpatients was signicantly correlated with treatment outcome and patients who made therapeutic gains describe a high level of group cohesion that began lightly after(prenominal) the rst a few(prenominal) seances. In contrast, unsuccessful patients did not get laid a high level of group cohesion at whatever clipping. Overall, these studies show that group cohesion may vivify a role in facilitating therapeutic change, though negative ndings also outlive (e.g., Gillaspy, Wright, Campbell, Stokes, & Adinoff, 2002 Lorentzen, Sexton, & Hglend, 2004 Marziali et al., 1997).In the CBT literature, researchers are increasingly paying solicitude to nonspecic therapeutic factors contributing to treatment outcome (e.g., Ilardi & Craighead, 1994 Kaufman, Rhode, Seeley, Clarke, & Stice, 2005). unity of the rst studies in this area was conducted by Hand, Lamontagne, and mark (1974) in treatment groups for individuals presenting with agoraphobia. They found that members of the group in which cohesion was specically fostered show greater improvement up to 6 months after treatment as compared to members of a less cohesive group who demonstrated a greater likelihood of relapse (see also Teasdale, Walsh, Lancashire, & Matthews, 1977, for a replication of these effects, albeit with weaker results). new(prenominal) ndings from the CBT treatment literature include greater group cohesion ratings predicting lower animal(prenominal) and psychological abuse at reappraisal in abusive men (Taft, Murphy, King, Musser, & DeDeyn, 2003), higher levels of group cohesio n organism signicantly related to decreased post-treatment systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as improved post-treatment quality of life in cardiac patients (Andel, Erdman, Karsdorp, Appels, & Trijsburg, 2003). In addition, group cohesion ratings have been found to be associated with improvements on depressive symptoms at treatment midpoint, after controlling for initial depression level (Bieling, Perras, & Siotis, 2003). Overall, these studies advise that group cohesion may play some role in facilitating change or enhancing long-term benets in CBT-based treatments.Although it is not in time clear what factors are relevant for training group cohesion, certain disorders may present more challenges than others. For example, given that hearty phobia involves an intense fear of scrutiny from other people, these individuals may present with barriers to forming a cooperative alliance, such as poor social skills, extreme sensitivity to evaluations, or social avoidance (Woody & Adessky, 2002). Only one study thus far has examined the instruction of group cohesion and its relationship to outcome during a group CBT treatment of social phobia. Woody and Adessky (2002) treated individuals for social phobia in a group format utilize Heimbergs (1991) protocol for group CBT for social phobia and had clients rate group cohesion victimisation the Group spot carapace ( flub Evans & Jarvis, 1986).The turgidness measures the clients head of attractiveness to the group. Measurements were conducted at three points during treatment (sessions 2, 5, and 9) and indicated that group cohesion remained static over time. They also found that the level of group cohesion clients reported was in no way related to outcome. It was suggested that the constructs and measurement of group process in cognitive-behavioral preliminaryes might pauperization to be further rened in order to more fully recognize the degree to which group format and group process inc onstants may add an classical element to therapeutic outcome. It is important to take note that the measure of group cohesion use by Woody and Adessky (2002) denes the construct unidimensionally. The GAS was designed to measure only attraction to group, dened as an individuals appetite to identify with and be an accepted member of the group (Evans & Jarvis, 1986, p. 204). Examples of souvenirs include I want to remain a member of this group, I feel involved in what is happening in my group, and In shock of individual differences, a feeling of unity exists in my group. However, as discussed by Burlingame, Fuhriman, and Johnson (2002), elements of group cohesion may include some(prenominal) intrapersonal elements (e.g., group members sense of belonging and acceptance) as well as intragroup elements (e.g., attractiveness and compatibility felt among the group members).Therefore, by solely focusing on attraction to the group it is possible that the GAS fails to operationalize a spects of cohesion that are important for do therapeutic gains. The present study, therefore, examined the role of cohesion in group CBT for social phobia, using a measure that includes items that ostensibly valuate a number of different constructs persuasion to be related to group cohesion. The Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R), developed by Treadwell, Laverture, Kumar, and Veeraraghavan (2001), lights-out into some(prenominal) different aspects of group cohesion including interaction and communication (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision- qualification, vulnerability among group members and consistency between group and individual goals. This self-report questionnaire has been shown to be both(prenominal) reliable and valid for detecting changes in group cohesiveness during the process of group development (Treadwell et al., 2001).Clients with a champion diagnosis of Social Phobia were treated and, based on the preceding literature, we ex plored (1) group cohesion development during the course of the group and (2) the relationship of group cohesion to treatment outcome, broadly speaking dened to include not only social phobia symptoms, but the overall get under ones skin of negative affect (e.g., general anxiety and depression) and functional impairment. We hypothesized that group cohesion would increase from the midpoint of treatment to the endpoint of treatment and that group cohesion ratings would be signicantly related to positive treatment outcome (i.e., symptom reduction). Method Participants There were a integral of 34 outpatient individuals in this study. The average age of participants was 36 years (range 1964 years 19 female, 15 male). both individuals reported symptoms meeting criteria for a principal diagnosis (i.e., the diagnosis causing the virtually distress or impairment) of Social Phobia, as determined by the Structured clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental dise ases4th edition (SCID-IV First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2001). One individual also had symptoms meeting criteria for a co-principal primary diagnosis of Dyssomnia not differently Specied. For 32 of the participants, the social phobia was generalised (i.e., occurring in most social situations), whereas for the other cardinal participants, it was nongeneralized, occurring in several, but not most social situations. Of the 34 participants, 57% reported symptoms meeting criteria for one or more special surliness disorder (Major Depressive derange, 47% Bipolar Disorder, 6% Dysthymic Disorder, 3%), 62% had one or more additional anxiety disorder (Specic Phobia, 47% Generalized anguish Disorder, 26% ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder, 21% Panic Disorder, 12% Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, 9%), and 27% had one or more additional other diagnoses (Hypochondriasis, 6% Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specied, 6% cannabis Dependence, 6% Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specied, 3% Intermittent Explosive Disorder, 3% impulse Control Disorder Not Otherwise Specied, 3%). The set for the anxiety disorders sum to greater than 100% as several participants had multiple anxiety disorders. Measures Depression disturbance Stress Scales, 21-item version (DASS-21 Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).This short form of the original 42-item DASS is a 21-item self-report measure designed to assess depression, anxiety and stress that an individual has familiarityd over the past tense week. Each scale consists of seven items and respondents indicate how much each statement applied to them over the past week on a four-point Likert scale. The Depression scale (DASS-21-D) measures dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, overleap of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The anxiousness scale (DASS-21-A) measures involuntary arousal, skeletal musculature effects, situational anxiety, and the subjective experience of anxiety affect. The Stress scale (DASS-21-S) measures difculty relaxing, anxious arousal, and a tendency to become advantageously upset/ agitated, irritable/over-reactive, and impatient. Strong inner consistency with a clinical exemplar has been demonstrated with the DASS-21 (as ranging from .87 to .94), and the factor bodily structure is well supported (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998). stool validity of the three scales has also been demonstrated (see Brown, Chorpita, Korotitsch, & Barlow, 1997). In the accepted sample, reliableness was unobjectionable at pre-treatment for the Depression (a 91), Anxiety (a 87), and Stress (a 87) scales. Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale (IIRS Devins, 1994). The IIRS is a 13-item questionnaire that measures the extent to which a disease, its treatment, or both interfere with activities in 13 important domains considered essential to a positive quality of life. These domains include health, diet, work, active diversion (e.g., sports), passive recreation (e.g., re ading), nances, relationship with partner, inborn and family relations, other social relations, self-expression/self-improvement, religious expression, and connection and civic involvement. For each item, an individual range the intrusiveness on a scale for 17 with higher gobs indicating more intrusiveness.The IIRS has been shown to have good psychometric properties in both medically ill populations (Devins et al., 2001) and anxiety disorders groups (Antony, Roth, Swinson, Huta, & Devins 1998 Bieling, Rowa, Antony, Summerfeldt, & Swinson, 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at pre-treatment (a 87). Social Phobia Inventory ( spin out Connor et al., 2000). The turn of events is a 17-item questionnaire designed to assess symptoms of social phobia. Each item measures the awkwardness of a particular symptom during the past week, using a ve-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). It consists of three subscales fear, avoidance, and physi ological arousal. The torture has been shown to have good empirical support (Antony, Coons, McCabe, Ashbaugh, & Swinson, 2006 Connor et al., 2000) and enables the estimate of a entire range of social anxiety symptoms, making it an ideal measure for generalized social phobia.The total print measure of the SPIN has recently been shown to have excellent internal consistency for the total score for individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (with a 92) and a combined sample of individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (Generalized Type), Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive Disorder (with a 95) (Antony et al., 2006 Connor et al., 2000). It has also been shown to have good testretest reliability (r 86, po001), convergent and discriminant validity as well as being able to evidence well between those with Social Phobia as opposed to Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.The SPIN has also been shown to be sensitive to chang es in the severity of social phobia following cognitive-behavior treatment (Antony et al., 2006). In the current sample, pre-treatment reliability was acceptable (a 93). Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R Treadwell et al., 2001). The GCS-R is a 25-item questionnaire designed to assess group cohesion in terms of interaction and communication among group members (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision-making, vulnerability among group members, and consistency between group and individual goals. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Examples of items include Group members ordinarily feel free to share information, There are usually feelings of unity and togetherness among the group members, and Many members put away in back-biting in this group.This scale was recently revised (Treadwell et al., 2001) in order to transform one item, discard another item, and change the wording of the anchor points. In a validat ion study, internal consistency (as heedful by Cronbachs alpha) ranged from .48 to .89 on pre-test assessment and .77.90 on post-test assessment (Treadwell et al., 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at both treatment midpoint (a 84) and at treatment endpoint (a 79), and the reliability of the change score was .56 (Williams & Zimmerman, 1996). Procedure All individuals correct a 10-session CBT treatment group for social phobia.1 Treatment administered was based on protocols exposit by Heimberg and Becker (2002) and Antony and Swinson (2000). The key components of therapy included psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, in-session and between-session exposure exercises, as well as social skills training.Groups were run by two therapists and consisted of veeight patients per group. A total of 11 groups were included in the study. It should be illustrious that initially 76 individuals were enrolled in these 11 groups. However, of these 76 individuals, th ere were only 67 individuals from whom any measures were accredited at all (i.e., nine individuals did not return any info). In order to conduct the analyses that exit be described below, it was possible to include only 34 of these 67 individuals. This was due to a need to have received both mid- and post-GCS measures as well as pretreatment outcome data. Therefore, the working sample that will be discussed in this study encompasses 34 individuals who completed the treatment as well as these various measures2. Participants completed the GCS questionnaire at the midtreatment session of each group (i.e., session 5) as well as during the destination session of each group. Questionnaires assessing symptom severity (i.e., the DASS-21, IIRS and SPIN) were completed prior to the beginning of group treatment as well as during the last session of each group. data analysis Multilevel retrogression analyses (i.e., generalized mixed modeling) using the software computer program HLM 6 (Raud enbush, Bryk, Cheong, & Congdon, 2004) were conducted. We used this approach because it allowed us to assess and control for nonindependence of data that might arise from being nested into treatment groups (Hedeker, Gibbons, & Flay, 1994 Herzog et al., 2002). Another advantage of HLM was that it can accommodate unequal group sizes and employs level best likelihood estimation instead of least(prenominal) squares. Before examining change over time in the outcome variables and GCS, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were estimated to examine the interdependency of data due to nesting (see Herzog et al., 2002). The intraclass correlation depicts how much variance in the outcome variable is due to inwardly-subjects, between-subjects, and between-groups variance.Results For each analysis, items were included from each scale for each individual, unless 20% or more of data were absent. Missing esteems for a particular scale item were replaced by calculating the entail value for that scale item and using this mean value in place of the missing value. Outcome measures A series of three-level regression models were evaluated to examine change over time in the outcome variables. Level 1 consisted of repeated measures (i.e., two assessment occasions) that were nested within 1 Two groups completed 12-session CBT treatment groups and one group completed a 9-session treatment group.The use of a multilevel regression approach (i.e., HLM) allowed us to examine whether or not number of sessions per group affected any of the relationships reported. Results indicated that number of sessions did not moderate any of the results reported in the paper. 2 These treatment groups were not conducted as part of a formal treatment outcome study, which accounts for the number of patients who failed to return their post-treatment questionnaires. Therefore, the individuals who completed both pre-treatment and post-treatment measures provide a naturalistic and ecologically valid cross sectionalization of moderate to severe social phobia patients typically seen in an acute outpatient clinic, presenting with anxiety disorders and related problems.

'Review Literary Terms Essay\r'

' fancy is the power to create. It is the backbone component to lit. Without imagination, there won’t be an interesting story, I believe. Imagination is not only important to the writer, it helps the ratifier bountifulen their interpretation of the story. â€Å"When you allow edition to unlock your imagination, your connection sets the stage for happy engagement. It allows the experience of reading literature to entangle the pursuit of ideas and knowledge.” (Clugston, R.W 2010). With imagination comes genre. Choosing what category or type of literature. It can be a short story, poem, or drama. â€Å"It can be customd to make broad distinctions or to identify specific categories within a broad category. The short story and the novel, for example, ar specific literary genres within the broad category of fiction.”(Clugston, R.W.2010).\r\nI think some other very important component to literature is the tone. Setting the tone will let the ref know what attit ude the literary work is going. For example, â€Å"the final lines in Updike’s poem create an initial sense of sympathy, which is in all probability to become empathy if the reader reflects on the dog’s predicament in not being able to herald its final struggle.” (Clugston, R.W 2010). Tone is followed by picture. go out represents the experience that go through your senses, the idea. Writers use specific language to describe the imagery. Again, in Frost’s and Updike’s poems more or less the dog, â€Å"In Frost’s image of an old dog there’s an initial feeling of sadness, but if the reader reflects on what the poem has to say approximately the inevitable life cycle that some(prenominal) the dog and the speaker face, sadness is likely to fade somewhat into acceptance.”\r\nReference\r\nClugston, R. W. (2010). travel into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.\r\n'

'Analysis on the function of Total Domain Awareness Essay\r'

'Thesis Statement\r\nThe red-hot mount of act of terrorism and other figure of delirium has been con steadred as a study plague in the body politic (Scott-D starlan). Consequently, the dilemma caused by the aforementioned perspectives has caught the attention of the organisation, mandating those who were perceivably yield for the eradication of much(prenominal) predicament ply to an echelon of initiatives which app atomic number 18ntly f eithers on the leaping of taxing and several(a) proficient innovations. Hence, the nigh debated anesthetize belying the atomic number 18na of contr everyplacesy in much(prenominal) take is the commencement of â€Å" complete Do primary(prenominal) awargonness”.\r\nIntroduction\r\n In the light of exhaustively understanding the meaning and the purpose of â€Å"Total Do chief(prenominal) sensation” sh tout ensemble be sought by means of the learning of the occurrenceors which triggered the birth of the subject under study. Moreover, the sharpness of what seemingly signifies the largeness of TDA is traced in the expla rural area by which it presupposes as well as the key players implementing the perception of TDA.\r\nFurthermore, since it had been stressed that TDA is a manifestation of the immediate response of the establishment towards the plagues which is bugging the country, it is fair enough to dwell on the arena of the dynamics affecting on the unscathed picture of its purpose therefore later tackling the potency of the masking finished a critical analysis on institutions or organizations (Shahbazian, Rogova and Valin) which raimenttle their activities with the cooperate of TDA.\r\n screen background of TDA\r\n For the benefit of the internalization of the term, it is best to outwear deep in the definition of separately word of the phrase; Total †humans †and awareness[1]. In the field of technology and hazard monitor, it is termed a s the core treatment in obliterating and decreasing the prevalence of uncontroll equal to(p) ‘criminals’ or law offenders through the attachment of a technological invention in a authentic â€Å"unit” for the purpose of ready go aftering (Ziman).\r\nTotal Domain awareness is a form of ‘ organization onward motion’ with the use of a device to dispense as â€Å"spy” in the activities of those inhabiting the ground upon which the device has been attached.; hence, tracing all the mathematical locations (domain) of the person through the use of a ‘portal based environment’. The cited broach key player of the give tongue to technological device is the popular Lockheed Martin Corporation[2], in quislingism with NAFTA.\r\nIssues giving birth to TDA\r\n As sincereised in the agreement of the North American Free switch Agreement (NAFTA), the main purpose of the organization is to operate as the vanguard in lashi ng the mystical and public sectors of the allege to collaborate together in uplifting the array of importance of business in the national and international trade arena, delight of transportation, assurance of trade protection and other environmental c one timerns. However, since that every rural area is inevitable to be in possession of dilemmas caused by a vortex of uncontrollable reasons hence the yet means to expunge the said plight of crisis is to impose and implement measures and innovations to lessen the orifice of its occurrence.\r\n terrorist act challenging the government\r\nTerrorism has been one of the just about debated issues in coetaneous times, spawning immense concerns both globally and lo ejaculatey. The load of much(prenominal) concern is drawn from the particular that terrorism has brought tending to the receives of many, quite obscure from the fact that it has destroyed the lives of thousands of innocent civilians. Its massive term effects c an alike be equally devastating, if non more, noting that the institutionly concern market and individual economies of countries are, to a real extent, affected by terrorist activities.\r\nEven the unpolluted â€Å"presence” of terrorists is enough to spoil the bud hopes of nations seeking peace amidst the growing guinea pig of danger. However, the basis for the growing concern over the fear harbored from the dregs of what we call â€Å"terrorism” is yet to be resolved. The reason to this rests on the fact that there is no wholeness definition of terrorism, one that is universal and transcends the differences in ethnicity, culture, religion and political background to establish a few.\r\nFor the most part, terrorism is held as a form of activity, usually through angry measures, in achieving a real type of goal where the orientation of the â€Å"agents” of terrorism are fain to sacrifice themselves for the identification of a given mission. Consequen tly, the objectives creation pursued by terrorists can withal be drawn out from a set of ideologies that border on several concerns, the widely-k instantlyn types of which are either from an ethno-religious context or from a political environment.\r\nWhat sets terrorism apart from any other form of activity booked upon by individuals or a as port of individuals relatively operating from a wide scope to a specified electron orbit is the basic fact that terrorism is an form activity. However, terrorism is not only an make form of activity. It is also founded on principles that serve as the guiding tenet for these make activities, the means of which settle from the most violent down to the crude installment of fear in the lives of civilians or certain groups of individuals.\r\nOn the contrary horizon of forecloseing terrorism is quiet vague as of the time being because US means of realizing the annihilation of terrorism is not transparent in its legitimate cause. President Bush’s maneuver are al shipway under scrutiny because of its failure in providing hard facts or concrete ways of waging anti-terrorism to another counter (Scott-Donelan).\r\nFor ex antiophthalmic factorerele the elusion of Iraq, in which he endorsed that this country obtains weapons of mass destruction, thus he wage war in Iraq. In the end, there’s no genius separate of such weapon. Countering terrorism is a must but some(a)times the vagueness of how it would be done is also dangerous because a given country that is suspected of terrorism is vulnerable to jeopardizing consequences. How technology shall serve of sustain in eradicating the crap of terrorism is thus far at stake.\r\nViolence caused by plurality Media\r\n The presence of mass media as a tool of communication has increased mostly because of the technological innovations consistently being introduced not only in advancing the productiveness rate of media organizations but also in expandin g the capacity of the various media outlets to include a wider range of topics (Hudson). With this expansion, the subjects incorporated into the mass media has also been augmented (Graber) such that former topics that were once rarely untouched have now been constantly infused with unceasing publicity such as those that tackle Information and communications Technology (ICT).\r\nThe level of morality of individuals are conceived to be one by which their various(prenominal) behavior are dependently being implied to. With regard to behavioral psychology, it had been stressed that an individual’s personality is the manifestation of the influences which one had been able to acquire all throughout his childishness carried until adulthood (Wright).\r\nAmericans’ somewhat insatiable relish for violence had been depicted and described in the violence saturate of their culture. In an denomination written by Lillian BeVier, she elaborated various ex adenineles on how media had taken a huge part on violence in today’s generation. Her findings led her to an echelon of hardheaded and obvious results such as: songs rede to rape women, killing police officers, committing suicide, and all other heinous crimes which are said to be the message conveyed by some songs (â€Å"The case Entertainment State”; Niemeyer).\r\nHowever, the issue of violence being a triggering actor for such violence were not thoroughly given substantial evidence with regards to the motion-picture show on media, she had clearly emphasized that there is a need for the government, the Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, nor any state legislature to allow the discretionary and lawful measures as having to be given the power to legislate such constraints to avoid producers or purveyors commit such insatiable mistakes on the field of media communication.\r\n synopsis and Discussion\r\n With the given issues above, it is unambiguous that the choler of vio lence in the contemporary nine is outrageously uncontrollable. Given with such statement, it whitethorn be taken to assumption that the government is desperate in looking for ways to control the rising number of violence and crime counts in the country that they tend to jump in the valley of initiatives. difficult to apply any sort of application which they ought to believe is feasible enough to help the law enforcers in incarcerating those who has affronted the law and thus needs jurisprudence.\r\n In essence, the organizations such as NASCO[3], NAFTA and Lockheed Martin had been cited as the catalysts of the so-called â€Å"Orwellian nightmare” technology aimed for the purpose of auspices among the inhabitants of the country through the form of a device which possesses the ability to keep in track of the â€Å"location” of any form †it has the force of gathering, correlating, and interpreting fragments of multi-source entities such as Radar, AIS , & GPS tracks, Open Source, Intelligence, Watch come & Law Enforcement Report, CCTV, Bioterrorism sensors. Hence, gathering together all data into one collaborative portal-based environment in an automated purpose (Hansen and JonesReport).\r\n In further deliberation of TDA, it is evident that its purpose is mainly for â€Å"tracking”. A deeper forethought on TDA shall lead to the interchange of two assumptions: for terrorism reasons, and for the government to have a â€Å"sensor” on all the modes of transportation in the country (Corsi). Consequently, the strength of the new technology is still judicious in the ocean of controversy since that critics in some manner perceive the idea of its implementation as rather a form of ‘ deceit’ from the government, nevertheless, an income-generating machinery which is not considered as an â€Å"A” list in the needs and understanding of many.\r\n mishap Monitoring\r\nIn collaboratio n with the issues elevated above, a critical comprehension of the main purpose and essence of TDA in the club is explicitly rendered by the government as that which will â€Å"help” in monitoring incidents (Strandburg and Raicu). Perhaps, the government is apparently stating the extrinsic evidence and apprehension of the definition of TDA. Taking the brighter side of its establishment would lead to an illustration of exigency indeed (Hansen and JonesReport). Yet, the question on its real intent is undeniably questionable in the internalization of those whom has gone way beyond the shallowness of ‘plainly’ understanding.\r\nConclusion\r\n In reality, TDA lends a hand to the masses oddly during emergent incidents, in view of the fact that it has the ability to ‘track’ the location, then those who are vested with the obligation to respond to the immediate call for help will not have a hard time in searching for the site where the incid ent took place. In addition to that, cases such as grab and car napping will not be a weight to law enforcers in getting to the culprits (Ziman). With the aforementioned device, it will be easier to track the robbers and all the other sort of goons floating in the scenery.\r\nIn the case of taxing, â€Å"run-away debtors” will be locked in the most abrupt time since that they shall be slowly tracked in the hastiest method of confinement. alike(p) what is often seen on ‘detective’ inclined movies, the world will be a serene and ideal place to live in, at least for a certain shape (Paul). Less criminals †everyone shall be spied, and so all must be close in their actions †quite a paradise in assertion. Yet, the outnumbering refutes to the â€Å"real” purpose of the government still remains laid on the table.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nCorsi, Jerome R. â€Å"Bush Administration softly Plans Nafta Super Highway.” Human Events, 2006.\r\nGraber , Doris A. â€Å"Mass Media and American Politics.” Political Science Quarterly 95.4 (1980): 701.\r\nHansen, Nathan M., and JonesReport. â€Å"Nasco, Lockheed Martin, & ‘Total Domain Awareness’: Lockheed Martin’s Plan to Tax and Track tout ensemble Modes of Transportation in North America.” Jones Report, 2007.\r\nHudson, Heather. â€Å" modernistic Communications Technologies: Policy Issues for the Developing World.” supranational Political Science Review 7.3 (1986): 334.\r\nâ€Å"The subject field Entertainment State.” National Review, 2006. 13-30. Vol. 283.\r\nNiemeyer, Gerhart. â€Å"Sex and Violence.” National Review 27.29 (1975): 834.\r\nPaul, Ron. â€Å"The Nafta Superhighway.” Texas Straight Talk, 2006.\r\nScott-Donelan, David. Tactical bring in Operations. Colorado: Paladin Press, 1998.\r\nShahbazian, E., G. Rogova, and P. Valin. Data alignment for Situation Monitoring, Incident Detection, Alert and repl y Management. Washington: IOS Press, 2005.\r\nStrandburg, Katherine, and Daniela Stan Raicu. Privacy and Technologies of Identity: A Cross-Disciplinary Conversation. 1 ed. modern York: Springer, 2005.\r\nWright, Peter. â€Å"Factors Affecting cognitive Resistance to Advertising.” The Journal of Consumer Research 2.1 (1975): 6.\r\nZiman, John. expert Innovation as an Evolutionary Process. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.\r\n[1] Definition: Total †A whole quantity; an entirety. Domain (law) †The land of one with paramount title and absolute ownership. Awareness †The state of being fully cognizant of pertinent stimuli and really experiencing a parturiency or situation.\r\n[2] Lockheed Martin is a leading multinational aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology company. past from that, the company is also considered as the world’s largest defense contractor (by revenue). As of 2005, 95% of Lockheed Martin’s revenues came from t he United States part of Defense, other U.S. federal government agencies, and abroad military customers. see http://www.lockheedmartin.com for more instruction and data on the company’s goals and objectives.\r\n[3] The National Association of Security Companies (NASCO) is the nation’s principal contract security trade association. NASCO is leading efforts to set unspoilt fundamentals for the private protection exertion and security officers by monitoring state and federal legislation and measures affecting the timber and efficiency of private security entities. See http://www.nasco.org for more information.\r\n'

'Human Resource Management Roles/Hcs 341\r'

'Human imagery charge Roles Human imagery electric charge (HRM) is the function inwardly an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing centering for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management finish too be performed by line managers (Heathfield, S. M. ). Human Resource Management is the organizational function that comports with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, health, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and nurture.\r\nHuman Resource Management is also a strategic and comprehensive come up to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective HRM enables employees to sum up effectively and productively to the overall comp whatever direction and the accomplishment of the organizations goals and objectives (Heathfield, S. M. ). Planning Human imaginations managers try to excogitate how near employees will be necessary. They look at how many straightforward workers are staying with the company and how many leave.\r\nIdeally, they want a low turnover ratio, where more(prenominal) people are staying than go forth. Planners try to identify good workers from the applicant pool, and use them to replace people leaving the company. The ultimate goal is to increase highly mean and experienced effect each time in that location is turnover. If a company is going to load employee numbers, intend tries to look for positions that could be trimmed without harming the company. Pay large number in human resources management keep updated on cave in and employee tax laws.\r\nThey negotiate salary and wages with an applicant as well as bonuses, merit-based awards and commissions. other pay areas they work with include retirement, life insurance, wellness insurance, vacation time, sick leave, disability insurance and acquit ownership plans (Felix, J. ) teach Human resources personnel arrange employee orientation; untried hires learn their rights, responsibilities and the companys physical and organizational structures. Training and development builds new hires into proficient workers.\r\nAs employees gain experience, they receive supervisor, management and leadership trainings. Training happens both on the job and in established classroom instruction. Employees can end up at a leadership or management honorary society outside their company (Felix, J. ) Laws and Regulations Employees receive manuals and handbooks as before long after theyre hired. These books contain the companys laws affecting the employee; and the companys expectations for the employee. Human resources personnel review and process firing requests, as some states make it hard to easily fire an employee.\r\n several(prenominal) states are â€Å"at will” employment states; employers can terminate employment for any reason. The employee can also quit for any reason. Human reso urces personnel coordinate ethics training and enforcement. They hold this kind of training to reduce business fraud, mismanagement, and insensitivity toward other cultures, races, religious belief and gender (Felix, J. ) Wellness The Human Resources department coordinates wellness programs such as drugs, diet, exercises, health, ergonomics, diversity, spirituality and employee harmony.\r\nReducing mishaps in the workplace, and reducing diet and habit-based sickness, helps improve productivity. An organization has to pay worker compensation and health insurance. Wellness programs reduce sickness and injury in the long run, prudence the company money while getting more out of the worker (Felix, J. ) In conclusion, human resource management is very vital in any job field that you go to. Human resources are forever changing as we develop new technology, new laws and regulations, new innovative ways to deal with employees, health and wellness, etc.\r\nThe greatest future contest for the field will be the continued integration of management with other theories to address socially pertinent issues as life becomes more complex and diverse. References Felix, J. (n. d. ). to the highest degree Human Resource Management. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_4796612_human-resource-management. html Heathfield, S. M. (n. d. ). What is Human Resource Management? Retrieved from http://humanresources. about. com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management. htm\r\n'

'A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management\r'

'A Survey of teaching Tech zero(pre nary(pre nary(preno(prenominal)inal)inal)eeinal)ogies in Logistics counselling Anil Gu hang ing University of Texas at Arlington De go againstment of tuition dodges and Operations attention, College of phone line Administration Office: inhabit 630 Business Building Box 19437 701 S westbound St. Arlington, Texas 76019-0437 Voice: 817. 272. 3528 Email: [email protected] edu ABSTRACT This wallpaper disassembles the meeting of training technologies (IT) on logisticals by conducting a survey of literary call onss on academic logistics journals and practitioner journals.The literary works survey and practice find that trinity caller logistic addrs require better opportunity to leverage IT since they need to puzzle interoperable IT systems with their clients. The dividing line philosophy of Just-In-Time (JIT) has also contri saveed to the impact of IT in logistics. Further, entropy technologies ar identified that has benefited the logistics. Future guide onions of logistics argon discussed. INTRODUCTION The proliferation of reading technologies (IT) and the internet technologies go for provided impetus and argufys to the logistics.New technologies present late means to do the lessen of learning. IT as a productivity tool skunk be utilized to both enlarge the talent and decrease the apostrophize at the same time (Closs et al. , 1997). It has been widely evaluate that firms end achieve matched favour by be reduction or assortediation with the halal instruction execution of IT (Porter & Millar, 1985). Enabled by IT the logistics has become a line of descent of competitive advantage for more firms. Two pour outs of look be identified that risquelights the role of IT in logistics.First stream relates to just-in-time logistics training system (Anderson & Quinn, 1986; Bookbinder & Dilts, 1989; Das & Handfield, 1997; Gomes & Mentzer, 1988; Perry, 198 8; Schwarz & Weng, 2000; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1994; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1996; Takahashi & Nakamura, 2000; Titone, 1996; Wafa & Yasin, 1996). The new(prenominal) stream is the deuce-ace society logistics (Lewis & Talalayevsky, 2000; Peters et al. , 1998; Sauvage, 2003; Sink & Langley, 1997; Vaidyanathan, 2005). Importance of IT in logistics has grown to some extent by origin philosophy of Just-InTime (JIT) by firms.With the emphasis of firms on JIT, the impact of logistics has grown as it is increasingly recognized as a source of consistent, low lead time, scathe free deliveries ( close updi et al. , 1994). In pursuit of competitive advantages, firms outsource their maps which are non spirit competencies so that they can focus on their core competencies. A recent survey fix that 83 percent of the surveyed draw 500 companies key having at least one contract with a third-party logistics provider (Lieb & Bentz, 2004).Over the days, the w orkout of third-party logistics has been increasing. Similar survey of Fortune 500 companies taken in 1991 had only 38 percent of the respondents reporting the use of third-party logistics provider (Lieb, 1992). The 618 third party logistic operators attempt to harness the capability of in setion technology to provide superior work to their customers. The objective of this paper is to study how IT has impacted logistics. To this end, literature review of both leading academic and practitioner logistic journals is conducted.The next function go out report the material of logistics. The following section leave analyze the IT enablers in logistics. Then, the implications of ecommerce are discussed followed by a section on future directions for logistics. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A classification scheme logistics functions provides a meaningful manner to study how IT has impacted the discordant functions of logistics. Previous desire in logistics have categorized the use of teaching systems in logistics in disparate ways.A system of logistics functions can be divided into following five big areas (Bowersox, 1974): facility locating, transportation, ancestry, communication and material movement. Based on the problem areas that application addresses, seven areas of logistics has been identified as facility location, stock-taking control, state entry, vehicle scheduling, warehouse layout think, freight rate retrieval, and product and shipment examine (Ballou, 1976). Another survey identified five categories as facility location, inventory control, transportation, production scheduling, and total corporeal distribution (House, 1978).These categories treated each category as individual entities rather than a whole system. Noting this shortcoming, Stenger (1986) proposed some other classification consisting of transaction systems, short-term scheduling and inventory replenishment systems, flow planning systems, and network planning and design sys tems. Expanding on the framework developed by Bowersox, Novack et al (1992) divided logistics function into two categories. The first-class honours degree category refers to animal(prenominal) activities that are compulsory various utilities of customer need.These will include inventory, transportation and customer service operations. The second category refers to flow of learning or transaction activities that follow or tyro the physical activities. The physical and selective information flows in logistics function is well-depicted in Figure 1 that shows the categorization of logistics functions as described by Vaidyanathan (2005). As shown in the figure, information flows amongst logistics function are managed, coordinated and back up by various logistics technologies. 619Inventory and Logistics direction: †Freight consolidation †Freight statistical distribution †Shipment Planning †job way †Inventory Management †Carrier selection †Ord er Entry/ Management training feed in Customer Service: †Freight Payments †Auditing †Order Management †Fulfillment †Help Desk †Carrier Selection †account Negotiation discipline come Warehousing: †advancement †Product Making †Labeling †Warehousing Material Flow Transportation: †Fleet Management †Cross go in †Product Return Figure 1: motley of Logistics Functions (adapted from Vaidyanathan 2005)IT enablers in Logistics The literature in logistics is blanket(a) of instances where information technology has been touted as a means to upgrade logistics competitiveness (Bowersox, 1974; Closs et al. , 1997; Rabinovich et al. , 1999; Stenger, 1986). Yet there has been few empiric studies that relates logistics information capabilities to logistics competence (Closs et al. , 1997). A popular framework in information systems discipline put forwards by Gorry & Morton (1989) status logistics decisions as stru ctured and counter veer from available to strategic.The role of logistics information systems as usable and strategic enablers in contrastive areas of the firm’s interpret mountain reach has been stated in the literature (Langley et al. , 1988). There has been a shift of IT from being an enabler of operational and material handling functions to being an enabler of decision-making and activityplanning functions within the bring home the bacon chain (La Londe & Auker, 1973). Logistics Information System Logistics Information System (LIS) is the application component of logistics information technology. An effective LIS facilitates the kosher information flow between inventory, 20 Information Flow warehousing and transportation to realize the high level of customer service. The ability to optimize the logistics cost and service levels is affected by the LIS of the firm and its partners. squares that provide better logistics run at a disgrace cost can have compe titive advantage over its competitors (Bardi et al. , 1994). Two classes of LIS has been recognized in the literature (Closs et al. , 1997). Logistics operating systems (LOS) refer to transactional applications much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ordain entry, order processing, warehousing, and transportation.Logistics planning systems (LPS) refer to coordinating applications such(prenominal) as forecasting, inventory management, and distribution requirements planning. EDI Electronic data Interchange (EDI) has successfully raise the communication between firms which is essential for logistics. This technology requires firms to have common data formatting and transmission standards or protocols. Such technologies have been employed by companies to coordinate their value chain activities including logistics. Early applications of EDI has been on transmitting vehicle location information by railways to their customers.Other types of logistics information carried by EDI are purchase o rders/releases and changes, advanced shipping notices, bills of lading, and invoices. Timely and dead on target information is crucial in decision making about complex logistics problems. Japan Airlines (JAL) adopted EDI to manage their complex value chain logistics required for their operations, including procurance and just-in-time delivery of aircraft fuel, repair and maintenance aircraft parts, food cater and other customer requirements (Chatfield & Bjorn-Andersen, 1997).The competitive advantage gained by companies employing EDI is cited in the literature. Firms utilizing EDI were better able to fulfill great number of work to their customers (Rogers et al. , 1992). Bar coding Bar coding is one of the most IT enablers to date and has make significant impact in the practice. Starting in 1960’s some of the earliest implementation of step codes were in rail road cars. Nowadays it is rearing in anything that needs to be identified and tracked. The different type of bar codes are available, known as symbologies, for different purposes.In practice, most firms prefer to use industry standards rather than proprietary standards for most of their bar codes on their products. By following industry standards, bar codes get over the complications inherent in the use of two-fold standards and indeed provides a strong foundation for integrating the merged logistics and the supply chain (Closs & Kefeng, 2000). Real-time communications capability The logistics IT capability of real-time communications is essential for corroborateing the flow of information.As noted by Dudley & Lasserre (1989), one of the grave roles of logistics IT is to shift information for inventory. To make real-time tracking of goods, logistic information systems of line of logical argument partners should have real-time communications capability. The worry partners require an integrated messaging computer architecture which exchanges business data while custo mizing business flows and format transformation. Real-time communications also allows for schedule plans to change in dynamic routing and scheduling system when the vehicles are 621 already out on the road.Any last fleck changes in routing and scheduling system or continual tracking has been possible only with real-time communications ability of the respective systems. RFID RFID helps to identify, track and locate items mechanicalally. The use of wireless Frequency Identification (RFID) is anticipate to increase rapidly in coming years. Often referred to as the next step in the evolution of bar-coding, RFID is increase rapidly in the automatic data impound and identification market (Srivastava, 2004). RFID is not a refreshing technology, in fact, its use dates back to 1940’s but only now it is starting to make a significant impact within the supply chain.The issue in use of RFID will be enhanced to some extent by mandates from large retailers such as Wal-Mart and Tar get, and the US Department of Defense, who require their providers to adopt this technology within the next few years (Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005). Among the companies that are piloting RFID in their supply chain management prominent ones are WalMart, Procter & Gamble, Coca-cola and Gillette. Although the biggest driver in the popularity of RFID has been supply chain, companies are experimenting in other applications as well.Other applications are theft detection, asset tracking, mobile payments, in-process inventory tracking and luggage tracking. Dell, Seagate, Boeing and Ford are among other companies that are using RFID to track their in-process inventory in manufacturing. An RFID system includes transponders or tags that can identify items ; antennas that allows tags to be interrogated and to respond; and software that controls the RFID equipment, manages the data and interfaces with enterprise applications. RFID has slews of potency to improve the efficiency in the su pply chain and reduce waste.For example, efficiency would result from automatic update of inventory system when products with RFID tags are unload from trucks into blood lines. The advantages of RFID over bar coding are as follows: RFID tags can provide longer read distances; store more data; require no direct line of sight between tag and contributor; and can collect data from multiple sources concurrently (Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005). There are some technical and business challenges to overcome before RFID can be ubiquitous. technical foul issues include problems of interference, security and accuracy while business issues relate to costs and lack of standards.Another significant business challenge in adopting RFID faced by managers is to work out a business case for the executive board. Early adopters of these technologies are marred by problems such as possible adverse consumer outbursts to perceived invasion of privacy, reliability of the RFID system, and issues related to health, safety and IT integration. IMPLICATION OF ECOMMERCE ON LOGISTICS The growth of ecommerce pose opportunities and challenges for logistics. As internet retail increases the companies are accepting orders from their clientele across the borders.In many instances the location of clients are not covered by any existing distribution system of the companies. On such occasions the companies have no doctor but to turn towards third party logistics operators for physical flow of goods. As for the information flow, the companies need to have capabilities for ecommerce applications. The group of technologies and processes for coordinating logistics information flow has been named e-logistics. An important web 622 technology that facilitates the exchange of business data among logistics business partners across different platforms is extra markup wording (XML).For example, UPS is exploiting the power of the web services to streamline its information flows for logistics activities s uch as RFQ, shipping and tracking. changing Trends in Logistics Consultants are beginning to take an active part in helping out the shippers select third party logistics operators. Shippers hire consultants to help them align business processes with supply chain strategies. The newly coined term â€Å"4PL” for consultants stands for dominant role that consultants will be taking in managing the resources, the technology and the processes in the supply chain.It is yet to be seen whether the shippers will let the consultants manage all the logistics processes. sort of of handing over the authority to manage the logistics processes to the consulting firms, shippers may lead to develop alliance with the third party logistics operators and maintain the supply chain themselves. The key thing that will allow coordination between shipper firms and the third party logistics will be information technology and management skills to run the supply chain effectively. This implies that f irms should also have tight-laced logistic technologies in place to enjoy the full benefits of use of third party logistics.FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The investigate directions that are available for researchers in logistics are numerous. beforehand companies implement new logistic information technologies such as RFID it is important to assess the viability of adopting the technology. What would be the expected benefits? What is the ROI? Researchers can come up with various econometric models to predict the outcomes of adopting logistics technologies. Modeling techniques can be utilize to assess the scenarios that would be beneficial for adopting new technologies.As companies are entering into ecommerce, better coordinating techniques are required to streamline logistics activities for transactions taking place on the internet. Collaborative technologies for supporting e-logistics would greatly enhance the future logistics. Multi-agent systems (MAS) provide an interesting aven ue of research that is relevant for supporting logistics technologies on the internet. Intelligent software agents can be used to assess the bids offered by multiple third-party logistics operators. To support global ecommerce the companies need to have different options for global logistics.The outflank way to traverse the geographic distribution is through technology. What are the communication transmit and technologies that would benefit the company in terms of fete and coordination logistics functions? More empirical evidence will be preferred to establish the direct link between organizational performance and logistics information systems. Researchers can seek to examine the complex relationships between logistics technologies and performance from different paradigms and theories. The perspective of organizational learning can be used to evaluate the performance gained by employing logistics information systems. 23 CONCLUSION The objective of this paper was to observe the impact of information technology on the logistics functions. A literature review of the academic and practitioners journals was conducted. The information technologies that have been used to support logistics functions were discussed. It is evident that academic researchers are aware of new technologies in practice such as RFID. Development in technologies offer sources of competitive advantage for companies. Adoption of new technologies provide challenge and opportunities for the companies.Proper business case and calculation of ROI needs to be done to assess the expected benefits from new technologies. Changing trends in business in terms of ecommerce render new markets for firms for all sizes to expand their market share. strategical use of information resource would bear results of competitive advantage and thus leading to success stories. The best practices in logistic information technologies need to be adopted by firms in alignment of their strategic goals. Future trends in logistics may prompt companies to second thought their logistics strategies.Firms may choose to use third party logistics in order to focus on their core competencies. However, firms need to have logistics information systems in place that is compatible with the third party operators in order to fully benefit from their services. REFERENCES Anderson, D. L. & Quinn, R. J. 1986, â€Å"The Role of Transportation in Long Supply Line Just-InTime Logistics impart â€Å", ledger of Business Logistics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 68-88. Asif, Z. & Mandviwalla, M. 2005, â€Å"Integrating the Supply strand with RFID: a Technical and Business Analysis”, communications of the AIS, vol. 15, pp. 393-427. Ballou, R. H. 976, â€Å" data processor Methods in Transportation- dispersion”, Transportation journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 72-85. Bardi, E. J. , Raghunathan, T. S. & Bagchi, P. K. 1994, â€Å"Logistics information systems: The strategic role of top management”, ledger of Business Logistics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7185. Bookbinder, J. H. & Dilts, D. M. 1989, â€Å"Logistics Information Systems in a Just-In-Time Environment â€Å", daybook of Business Logistics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50-67. Bowersox, D. J. 1974, Logistics Management: A Systems Integration of Physical Distribution Management and Materials Management, Macmillan Publishing, New York, NY.Chatfield, A. T. & Bjorn-Andersen, N. 1997, â€Å"The impact of IOS-enabled business process change on business outcomes: Transformation of the Value range of mountains of Japan Airlines”, diary of Management Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 13-40. Closs, D. J. & Kefeng, X. 2000, â€Å"Logistics information technology practice in manufacturing and selling firms” An international benchmarking study versus world class logistics firms”, internationalist ledger of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 869-86. 624 Closs, D. J. , Goldsby, T.J. & Clinton, S. R. 1997, â€Å"Information technology influences on world class logistics capability”, international Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 4-17. Das, A. & Handfield, R. B. 1997, â€Å"Just-in-time and logistics in global sourcing: An empirical study”, planetary Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 27, no. 3/4, pp. 244-59. Dudley, L. & Lasserre, P. 1989, â€Å"Information as a Substitute for Inventories â€Å", European Economic Review, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67-88. Gomes, R. & Mentzer, J. T. 988, â€Å"A Systems Approach to the probe of Just-In-Time â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 71-88. Gorry, G. A. & Morton, M. S. S. 1989, â€Å"A fashion model for Management Information Systems”, Sloan Management Review, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 49-61. House, R. G. 1978, â€Å" electronic computer Models in Distribut ion Management”, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 129-52. La Londe, B. J. & Auker, K. 1973, â€Å"A Survey of Computer Applications and Practices in Transportation and Distribution”, International Journal of Physical Distribution, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 92-301. Langley, C. J. , Carlisle, D. P. , Probst, S. B. , Biggs, D. F. & Cail, R. E. 1988, â€Å"Microcomputers as a Logistics Information Strategy”, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 11-7. Lewis, I. & Talalayevsky, A. 2000, â€Å"Third-Party Logistics: Leveraging Information Technology â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 173-85. Lieb, R. C. 1992, â€Å"The use of third-party logistics services by large American manufacturers”, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 29-42. Lieb, R. C. & Bentz, B. A. 004, â€Å"The Use of Third-Party Logistics Services by Large American Manufactu rers: The 2003 Survey”, Transportation Journal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 24-33. Novack, R. A. , Rinehart, L. M. & Wells, M. V. 1992, â€Å"Rethinking concept foundations in logistics management”, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 233-67. Perry, J. H. 1988, â€Å"Firm Behavior and Operating Performance in Just-In-Time Logistics Channels â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19-33. Peters, M. J. , Lieb, R. C. & Randall, H. L. 1998, â€Å"The use of third-party logistics services by European industry”, Transport Logistics, vol. , no. 3, pp. 167-79. Porter, M. E. & Millar, V. E. 1985, â€Å"How information gives you competitive advantage”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 149-60. Rabinovich, E. , Windle, R. , Dresner, M. & Corsi, T. 1999, â€Å"Outsourcing of integrated logistics functions”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 35 3-73. Rogers, D. S. , Daugherty, P. J. & Stank, T. P. 1992, â€Å"Enhancing service responsiveness: the strategic potential of EDI”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 15-20.Sauvage, T. 2003, â€Å"The relationship between technology and logistics third-party providers”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 236-53. Schwarz, L. B. & Weng, Z. K. 2000, â€Å"The Design of a JIT Supply Chain: The Effect of Leadtime Uncertainty on Safety Stock â€Å", Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 231-52. 625 Sink, H. L. & Langley, J. C. J. 1997, â€Å"A managerial framework for the acquisition of third-party logistics services”, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 18, p. 163. Spencer, M. S. , Dale, S. R. & Patricia, J.D. 1994, â€Å"JIT Systems and External Logistics Suppliers”, International Journal of Operations & #038; Production Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 6074. Spencer, M. S. , Daugherty, P. J. & Rogers, D. S. 1996, â€Å"Logistics support for JIF implementation”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 701-14. Srivastava, B. 2004, â€Å"Radio frequency ID technology: The next revolution in SCM”, Business Horizons, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 60-8. Stenger, A. J. 1986, â€Å"Information Systems in Logistics Management: Past, Present, and Future”, Transportation Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5-82. Takahashi, K. & Nakamura, N. 2000, â€Å"Reactive logistics in a JIT environment”, Production Planning & Control, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 20-31. Titone, R. 1996, â€Å"Moving Beyond JIT to Logistics Planning”, IIE Solutions, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 22-4. Vaidyanathan, G. 2005, â€Å"A Framework for Evaluating Third-Party Logistics”, Communications of the ACM, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 89-94. Wafa, M. A. & Yasin, M. M. 1996, †Å"The impact of supplier proximity on JIT success: an informational perspective”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 23-34. 626\r\n'

'Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report\r'

'Module : kindle exchange †giving Convection and ir radianiation research laboratoryoratory Date :22nd March 2012 limit INTRODUCTION3 AIMS & OBJECTIVES3 Objectives3 To canvass stark Convection and Radiation3 Theory3 EXPERIMENT3 Apparatus apply3 Procedure4 RESULTS, CALCULATIONS, OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONS5 Observations During Tests5 Table 15 Table 25 Calculations6 astute king (Watts)6 dictate modify wobble Emissivity (? )6 Emisssivity of a black body6 cypher Q rad6 Calculating Q rad6 Calculating Q conv7 Equation for Free Convection7 constituent value calculation7 Absolute extort calculation7graphical record of insistency Against temporary worker Difference8 Conclusions8 Conclusion11 Typical Examples of cacoethes Transfer12 References13 List of Figures, Tables & Graphs14 high temperature Transfer Laboratory Sheet I14 lovingness Transfer †Free Convection and Radiation Laboratory INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research lab is to understand rude(a) and oblige convection on a cylinder by measuring come in and ambient temperatures and relating the data to convection agitate transplant equations. AIMS & OBJECTIVES Objectives To investigate Free Convection and Radiation 1. Determine the emissivity (? ) of an element essayally. . Determine the Heat wobble coefficients by vacate convection Theory inherent Convection: Heat stir by dint of circulation of liquified out-of-pocket solely to gravity strained Convection: Heat remove by dint of and through circulation of smooth-spoken due to obligate facile impetus (fan, pump, etc. ) Radiation: Heat budgered by surface p hoton emission, ordinaryly only signifi chamberpott at T>>Room Temp. EXPERIMENT Apparatus Used Figures 1 at a lower place shows the senselessness pump vas and measuring equipment apply The apparatus consisted of a change element which was suspended privileged a [ impel piddlecraft.The ae regulate off force per unit ara i n the vas was varied by the use of either a bleed valve or a 240v vacuum pump. The conflagrate input to the e element was varied by up to 10W, the soap working temp was non to exceed two hundred°C and maintained at that temperature or little passim the experiment. The warmness, forefinger Input, the element, vas temperatures and the stress pressure inside the vessel was determined by the instruments provided for the experiment Procedure 1) Using the wall mounted barometer the atmospherical pressure was 1018 mB The gauge gives a denotation of gauge pressure (diff between the pressure inside the vessel and pressure outside the vessel)Absolute pressure (P) = pressure gauge reading + atmospheric pressure (mB) 2) squash reduced to 2mB and input voltage set to 8. 21 volts. 3) Observations and readings taken after 15 mins to discontinue g all overnance to stabilise and readings tabulated. 4) Item 3 repeated with nullity pressure reduced by 12, 60, 200, 500 and thus fin ally with the bleed valve fully open tabulated as before. 5) Bleed valve was then fully opened to allow the pressure inside the vessel to meet atmospheric pressure and readings tabulated. RESULTS, CALCULATIONS, OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONSObservations During Tests The initial observations were of the temperature, vacuum pressure and vessel pressures in relation to the inside diameter of the vessel and element assembly. The Temp Diff verses Abs pressure graph below (Graph 1) shows the temp difference at zero bleak convection given by the equation for a squ atomic number 18 line Y=MX+C get on ara of the vessel was given as 3070mm? , divisor Length was given as 152mm and 6. 35mm respectively. The following Tables full point what is actually occurring to temperature and erupt tilt inside the vessel.The tabula wax below shows the results from the tests carried out, using pressure gauge readings -1015 (mB), - cytosine2(mB), -957 (mB), -815(mB), -515(mB) and 0. | instancy imag ine |Abs Press |Voltage |Current |Power |Element |Element | |(vacuum) | | | | | | | |TEL â€TV (K) |(Mb)^1/4 |W |W |% |% | WM^-2K^-1 | |144 |2^1/4 = 1. 19 |4. 7 |1. 14 |81 |19 |2. 57 WM^-2K^-1 | |133 |16^1/4 = 2 |4. 31 |1. 66 |72 |28 |4. 06 WM^-2K^-1 | |123 |61^1/4 = 2. 79 |3. 81 |2. 13 |64 |36 |5. 64 WM^-2K^-1 | |111 |203^1/4 = 3. 77 |3. 25 |2. 71 |55 |45 |7. 95 WM^-2K^-1 | |97 |503^1/4 = 4. 73 |2. 68 |3. 24 |45 |55 |10. 8 WM^-2K^-1 | |87 |1018^1/4 = 3. 22 |2. 27 |3. 65 |38 |62 |13. 66 WM^-2K^-1 | Table 2 Calculations Heat losses in the connecting leads Q = (0. 94 x Volts x Amperes) in watts Calculating Power (Watts) Power = Volts x Amperes (Watts) Power= 8. 21volts x 0. 779 amps = 6. 39 (W) x Heat loses Power = 6. 39 (W) x 0. 94 = 6. 01 Watts Heat Transfer = 0. 94 x 8. 21 x 0. 779 = 6. 01 watts Calculating Heat Transfer Emissivity (? ) Emisssivity of a black body ( slovenly person ) = 1 If ? = >1 Use ? = 0. 7 to calculate Q rad ? = Q rad Joules or Watts A x ? x (T^4 EL †T^4 v) ? = 6. 01(W) = 1. 2 ratio (3070×10^-6 ) x (5. 67×10^-6 ) x (436^4 â€292 ^4) Calculating Q rad for Pressure -1015 Mb Q rad = ? x A x ? x (T^4 EL †T^4 v) Q rad = 0. 97 x (3070×10^-6 ) x (5. 67×10^-6 ) x (436^4 â€292 ^4) Q rad = 4. 87 Watts Calculating Q rad for Pressure -1002 Mb Q rad = ? x A x ? x (T^4 EL †T^4 v) Q rad = 0. 97 x (3070×10^-6 ) x (5. 67×10^-6 ) x (426^4 â€293 ^4)Q rad = 4. 31 Watts Calculating Q conv for Free Convection at Heat input 4. 87(W) Q conv = Heat loss x Volts x Amperes †Q rad Q conv = 0. 94 x 8. 21 x0. 779 †4. 87 Q conv = 1. 14 Watts Equation for Free Convection Q conv = h ( Convected light up carry-over ) x A x (T^4 EL †T^4 v) Transpose for h (Convected Heat Transfer) h = Qconv h = 1. 14 = 2. 58Wm^-2K^-1 A x (T^4 EL †T^4 v) (3070×10^-6 ) x (436^4 †292) Percentage values calculation Qrad + Qconv = Qtotal 4. 87 + 1. 14 = 6. 01 Watts Qrad% = 4. 87/ 6. 0 x 100% = 81% QRad th is is because it was not a perfect vacuum Qconv % =1. 14/ 6. 01 x 100% = 19% QConv this is because it was not a perfect vacuum Absolute Pressure calculation Abs Press = Gauge pressure †Atmos Pressure =1015Mb †1018Mb = 3^1/4 Graph of Pressure Against Temp Difference [pic] Graph 1 Conclusions Temp difference for free convection crosses Y axis is at 160(K) for zero gas pressure, the power by the fume element has transferred completely to the vessel by shaft of light at his point. Natural convection is to a greater extent prevalent at lower temperatures whereas light beam is to a greater extent prevalent at higher temperaturesPossible Sources of error: • conduction from the het up(p) cylinder to its housing tube • accomplishable changes in ambient temperature • Variations in surface temperature Heat Transfer by Convection and uses Heat typically does not flow through liquids and gases by intend of conduction. Liquids and gases argon legatos; their pa rticles ar not fixed in place; they move roughly the flock of the sample of outlet. The representative use for explaining hot up transfer through the mass of liquids and gases involves convection. Convection is the process of modify transfer from one arrangement to the next by the movement of fluids.The moving fluid carries free postal code with it. The fluid flows from a high temperature positioning to a low temperature location. [pic] (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris western of Standfords SLAC. ) To understand convection in fluids, Consider the heat transfer through the water system that is macrocosm change in a pot on a stove. The spring of the heat is the stove burner. The alloy pot that holds the water is heat up up by the stove burner. As the metal leads hot, it begins to conduct heat to the water. The water at the frontier with the metal pan becomes hot. Fluids expand when alter and become less dense.So as the water at the foundation of the pot bec omes hot, its parsimony decreases. The differences in water density between the puke of the pot, and the top of the pot results in the gradual formation of circulation currents. Hot water begins to rise to the top of the pot displacing the arcticer water that was originally there. And the colder water that was present at the top of the pot moves towards the skunk of the pot where it is heated and begins to rise. These circulation currents slowly develop over time, providing the pathway for heated water to transfer vigour from the bottom of the pot to the surface.Convection also explains how an electric heater lay on the floor of a cold room warms up the pushover in the room. bearing present dependable the coils of the heater warm up. As the institutionalise warms up, it expands, becomes less dense and begins to rise. As the hot publicize rises, it pushes fewwhat of the cold phone line nest the top of the room out of the way. The cold air moves towards the bottom of th e room to replace the hot air that has risen. As the colder air approaches the heater at the bottom of the room, it becomes warmed by the heater and begins to rise. Once more, convection currents are slowly formed.Air travels along these pathways, carrying energy with it from the heater throughout the room. Convection is the main system of heat transfer in fluids much(prenominal) as water and air. It is practically verbalize that heat rises in these situations. The more appropriate write up is to say that heated fluid rises. For instance, as the heated air rises from the heater on a floor, it carries more energetic particles with it. As the more energetic particles of the heated air mix with the cooler air high-priced the ceiling, the number ki lucreic energy of the air near the top of the room increases.This increase in the just kinetic energy corresponds to an increase in temperature. The net result of the rising hot fluid is the transfer of heat from one location to other(prenominal) location. The convection method of heat transfer always involves the transfer of heat by the movement of matter. The two examples of convection discussed here †change water in a pot and heat system air in a room †are examples of cancel convection. The driving force of the circulation of fluid is natural †differences in density between two locations as the result of fluid being heated at some source. Some sources introduce the concept of cheering forces to explain why the heated fluids rise. We will not pursue such explanations here. ) Natural convection is common in nature. The earths oceans and atmosphere are heated by natural convection. In contrast to natural convection, forced convection involves fluid being forced from one location to another by fans, pumps and other devices. Many home heating systems involve force air heating. Air is heated at a furnace and blown by fans through ductwork and released into rooms at vent locations. This is an example of forced convection.The movement of the fluid from the hot location (near the furnace) to the cool location (the rooms throughout the house) is driven or forced by a fan. Some ovens are forced convection ovens; they experience fans that blow heated air from a heat source into the oven. Some fireplaces deepen the heating ability of the fire by blowing heated air from the fireplace unit into the adjacent room. This is another example of forced convection. Heat Transfer by Radiation A final method of heat transfer involves radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat by fashion of electromagnetic waves.To radiate means to send out or spread from a primal location. Whether it is light, sound, waves, rays, flower petals, wheel spokes or pain, if something radiates then it protrudes or spreads outward from an origin. The transfer of heat by radiation involves the carrying of energy from an origin to the space adjoin it. The energy is carried by electromagnetic waves and d oes not involve the movement or the interaction of matter. Thermal radiation can occur through matter or through a region of space that is void of matter (i. e. , a vacuum).In fact, the heat genuine on humanity from the lieshine is the result of electromagnetic waves traveling through the void of space between the Earth and the sun. all in all objects radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The rate at which this energy is released is proportional to the kB temperature (T) raised to the fourth power. Radiation rate = k•T4 (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standfords SLAC. ) The hotter the object, the more it radiates. The sun obviously radiates off more energy than a hot mug of coffee. The temperature also affects the wavelength and frequency of the radiated waves.Objects at typical room temperatures radiate energy as infrared waves. Being invisible to the human eye, we do not see this form of radiation. An infrared television camera is capable of detecting such radiation. Perhaps you have seen thermal photographs or videos of the radiation surrounding a person or animal or a hot mug of coffee or the Earth. The energy radiated from an object is usually a collection or range of wavelengths. This is usually referred to as an emission spectrum. As the temperature of an object increases, the wavelengths within the spectra of the emitted radiation also decrease.Hotter objects be given to emit shorter wavelength, higher frequency radiation. The coils of an electric wassailer are considerably hotter than room temperature and emit electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum. Fortunately, this provides a well-to-do warning to its users that the coils are hot. The tungsten filament of an incandescent light bulb emits electromagnetic radiation in the visible (and beyond) range. This radiation not only allows us to see, it also warms the glass bulb that contains the filament. Put your sight near the bulb (without touching it ) and you will obtain the radiation from the bulb as well.Thermal radiation is a form of heat transfer because the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the source carries energy away from the source to surrounding (or distant) objects. This energy is absorbed by those objects, causing the average kinetic energy of their particles to increase and causing the temperatures to rise. In this sense, energy is transferred from one location to another by means of electromagnetic radiation. The image at the ripe(p) was taken by a thermal image camera. The camera detects the radiation emitted by objects and represents it by means of a color photograph.The hotter colors represent areas of objects that are emitting thermal radiation at a more intense rate. Conclusion The experiment described higher up provides a convenient method whereby You may investigate the different processes that contribute to cooling in a standard laboratory experiment. In particular, the measurements obtained to e nable you to enlighten the relative contributions from convection and radiation. Examples of Free †Natural Convection Heat transfer by natural convection occurs when a fluid is in contact with a surface hotter or colder than itself. As the fluid is heated or cooled it changes its density.This difference in density causes movement in the fluid that has been heated or cooled and causes the heat transfer to continue. There are many examples of natural convection in the food industry. Convection is real when hot surfaces, such as retorts which may be vertical or horizontal cylinders, are overt with or without insulation to colder ambient air. It occurs when food is placed inside a chiller or deep-freeze store in which circulation is not assisted by fans. Convection is classical when material is placed in ovens without fans and by and by when the cooked material is removed to cool in air.Convective heat transfer is a mechanism of heat transfer occurring because of bulk motion ( observable movement) of fluids. Heat is the entity of interest being advected (carried), and diffused (dispersed). This can be contrasted with radiative heat transfer, the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Heat is transferred by convection in numerous examples of naturally occurring fluid flow, such as: wind, oceanic currents, and movements within the Earths mantle. Convection is also used in engine room practices to provide desired temperature changes, as in heating of homes, industrial processes, cooling of equipment, etc.The rate of convective heat transfer may be better by the use of a heat sink, often in conjunction with a fan. For instance, a typical computer CPU will have a purpose-made fan to ensure its operating temperature is unploughed within tolerable limits. Typical Examples of Heat Transfer CONDUCTION: Heat conduction is an essential and customary part of our daily lives, in industry, and in nature. Whenever heat needs to be transferred through an op aque substance, the transfer must be by conduction.In a hot-water heating system, for example, heat from burning fuel is transferred by conduction through the iron or steel of the boiler to heat the water. Heat from a burner on a stove is conducted through the bottom of utensils to cook food. In nature, the surface of the earth is heated by the sun, and some of this heat is conducted to deeper layers of the state during the day and back to the surface at night-the varying ability of different kinds of soil and water to absorb and conduct heat received from the sun has a profound effect on local and worldwide weather and climate. Examples Touching a stove and being burned -Ice cooling conquer your hand -Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it CONVECTION: Free, or natural, convection occurs when bulk fluid motion (steams and currents) are caused by perkiness forces that result from density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. Forced convectio n is a term used when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external meansâ€such as fans, stirrers, and pumpsâ€creating an artificially induced convection current. Examples -Hot air rising, cooling, and falling (convection currents An old-fashioned radiator (creates a convection cell in a room by emitting warm air at the top and drawing in cool air at the bottom). RADIATION: †Heat from the sun warming your face- Heat from a lightbulb †Heat from a fire †Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings. †louse up chambers in Jet engines †Circulation Boiler Furnaces industrial example Radiation Heat transfer mostly occurs in Higher temperature applications within processes with furnace temperatures above about 2200°F (1200°C). They usually have furnaces which use combustors such as in the metals, minerals, and waste incineration industries.In general, the dominant heat transfer mechanism in those industries is thermal r adiation. This is in contrast to lower temperature applications where both radiation and forced convection are often important. References [1] Understanding Physics, sections 11. 5 †11. 7, rump Wiley & Sons 1998. [2] C. T. O’Sullivan, Correction for cooling techniques in heat experiments. Physics Education, 25, 176 †179 (1990). [3] The data acquisition system (data logger) used was the eProLab system developed under the Leonardo da Vinci Programme ComLab2 (project NO SI 143008); website www. e-prolab. com/comlab/. 4] In some situations differences between Ts and Ta may be important; see, for example, C. T. O’Sullivan, Newtons law of cooling †a slender assessment, Amer. J. Phys. , 58 (10), 956 †960 (1990). SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ACES (2009), Process engine room Lab Sheet. Multi Hole Extrusion Suranaree University of Technology, Last accessed 7th April 2009 at: http://www. sut. ac. th/Engineering/metal/pdf/metform/04_extrusion. pdf ROYMECH : Mechanical engineering and engineering materials. †Last accessed 1st April 2009 at: http://www. roymech. co. uk/Useful_Tables/Manufacturing/Extruding. tml Russ College of Engineering and Technology at Ohio University. http://www. ent. ohiou. edu/~raub/manufacturing/extrusion. htm#Types%20of%20 extrusion: line notes and hand outs. Sheffield Hallam University List of Figures, Tables & Graphs Figure 1Vacuum Pump and vas set up Table 1Pressure gauge readings -1015 (mB), -1002(mB), -957 (mB), -815(mB), -515(mB) and 0 Table 2Temp Differences of 144(K), 133(K), 123(K), 111(K), 97(K) and 87(K) Graph 1Temp Difference Vs Absolute Pressure Appendixes Heat Transfer Laboratory SheetI [pic] ———————†Figure 1 Table 1 Temp difference free convection (160K)\r\n'