Technological developments in the movie industry

Technological cultures in the painting industryIntroductionAdvances in applied science be changing the way the movie industry is doing business. Todays movie consumers are looking for more convenient ways of viewing films without seating in a movie theatre. They are also seeking better shade and sharper images. To stay competitive and reduce the challenges associated with technological civilizements the industry must identify beaver practices and apply those practices to problems the organizations might face.Best radiation patterns in the moving-picture show application to supplement Technological AdvancementsBest Practice 1 Forming strategical PartnershipsOn may 9, 2006 Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group announced a groundbreaking agreement with Bit Torrent Inc. to leverage the companys peer-assisted delivery arrangement for the electronic gross sales of motion picture and television cognitive cognitive content in the unite States. With this announcement, War ner Bros. became the first major studio to provide legal moving-picture show content via the BitTorrent publishing platform.The Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group was founded in 2005 to sum up to queerher all of the Warner Bros. Entertainment businesses involved in the digital delivery of entertainment content to consumers, including foundation scene, online, wireless, games and anti-piracy and emerging technologies operations.BitTorrent is home to the creative activitys leading open-source cross-file-sharing protocol by the same name, specifically created to all overcome the obstacles of transferring large files over the mesh. Created in 2001, BitTorrent enables millions of users worldwide to publish, search and transfer popular digital content quickly, substantially and securely.The new BitTorrent Service will feature hundreds of Warner Bros. television shows and films for download with DVD. The technology behind BitTorrent is elegantly designed for the delivery of la rge files equivalent TV programs and films. Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group was established to provide innovative, next-generation dispersion models and this relationship provides our company with a unique platform to reach a new set of movie fans. By combining Warner Bros. popular video content with BitTorrents proven delivery efficiency consumers will confound an uncommon way to subsist entertainment online. Source Business Wire May 9, 2006Best Practice 2 Digital statistical dispersalUntil about vanadium divisions ago, the box office was the largest initial revenue for movies in the United States. Now movie studios are seeing a dramatic improver in DVD sales and electronic distributors are benefiting from the increased sales of theater-quality home entertainment systems (OMara, 2005). According to Datamonitor, The home video market is the well-nigh important within the movies entertainment sector, accounting for 44.6% of sector revenues in 2004 (Global Movies, 200 5, p.8). The late popularity of camera phones and iPods has grabbed the attention of the Hollywood studios. The movie industry is embracing digital statistical distribution through a new technology cal conduct MovieBeam. This service includes a set-up box that costs around $200 dollars and arrives holding 100 films that nodes laughingstock rent for between $2 and $4 dollars each (Taylor, 2006). A maximal of 10 new films flock be downloaded through a digital signal each week. The films are transferable to an iPod or personal computer, which appropriates the customer to view the movie anywhere and at anytime.Best Practice3 Digital CamerasA leader in the movie industry use of technology is George Lucas. George Lucas has apply his company, Lucas Films, to change the way movies are produced. As Ron Magid (2005) points out George Lucas has found a better way of producing from the digital cameras that are replacing film cameras on movie sets, to the way movies are edited, to how spe cial effects are created, to the reasoning(a) one hears in theaters and at home, and even to the way movies are distributed to theaters, Lucas has led the way in adopting innovative technologies.Challenges Faced In Movie Industry Due to Technological AdvancementsChallenge 1 Lack of SecurityDigitalizations briny drawback is that it creates unlimited opportunities for unauthorized usage, enabling perfect copies to be made in less time, with little effort and lower costs. Digitization also allows content to be altered in ways that drop seriously via media a brand and violate performers image rights. The rapid expansion of broadband internet access aggravates the problem as it makes transmission of content and file access faster and easier (DreamWorks SKG, 2005). In November of 2004, the first lawsuits were issued against those alleged to have illegally shared copyrighted films via the Internet (Global Movies, 2005). Corporations across the country and throughout the world have inv ested large amounts of currency in security computer software to nurse selective information and products.Challenge 2 Busting BudgetsTechnology has made filmmaking not provided more expensive and time-consuming but also more elusive to manage. The passel who create special effects consider themselves artists and their agenda is to get it right not make it cheaper. Amid the excitement, studios are beginning to realize that relying on special effects is financially risky. Such big-budget films tend to be bonanzas or busts. If a movie hits the jackpot, it can create a box-office hit that mints money on video and television for years to come. If not, it can burn a massive hole in a studios finances. To keep drawing people to theaters, studios feel pressure to keep pushing computer-generated realism to new directs. In the past, filmmakers would often settle for the first special-effects sequence created, but now, filmmakers have duplex options and spend many nights holed up in editing suites perfecting sequences. The simultaneous progression of cosmetic effects, which can fix anything, has created even more opportunities for tinkering in post-production. shoot with new digital cameras creates a sharper, cleaner look, but one that shows up every blemish and wrinkle. A filmmaker can add weeks of overwork and about $250,000 getting rid of facial hair, a wig line, or bags under an actors eyes. In a scene from Harry Potter and the goblet of Fire, in which the hero does battle with a dragon, ILM wasnt satisfied with the computer-generated fire. Rather than spending more long days fiddling with each spark, ILM hired a flame-thrower that it filmed on stage. Then it superimposed the footage onto the sequence. The entire process lasted a day and cost ILM around $50,000 (Marr, M. Kelly, K., 2006).Challenge 3 Digital DistributionThe advanced technology of broadband internet connection enables the consumer to download a feature-length film while maintaining a hi gh-quality picture. This causes competition between movie and home entertainment theatres. To continue to competed movie studios must cut cost to be more profitable. They also need to improve the movie going experience (Dicarlo, 2005). While the internet is responsible for the world-wide exchange of information and products, it has removed the benevolent interaction from the transaction. When a consumer purchases a CD from a harmony store, in that respect are interactions with employees that decrease the chances of property being stolen. The internet, however, gives consumers and distributors a certain level of anonymity and can create an environment for the illegal distribution or purchasing of the product.Best Practice in Other Industry to Leverage Technological AdvancementsBest Practice 1 SecuritySecure computing Corporation, the experts in securing connections between people, applications, and networks, and Net Clarity, a leading provider of vulnerability management produc ts and services, recently announced the deployment of a joint solution for proactive network security at Seamens Bank in Cape Cod, Mass. The compounding of Secure Computings SnapGear unified threat management appliance and NetClaritys Auditor opening move vulnerability management appliance enables the bank to detect, deter, defend and defeat hackers, viruses, worms, spyware and vicious insiders.The banking industry only requires Seamens to audit its network once a year which they matte was not often enough as hardware and software could pick up common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) at any time. Seamens Bank felt the responsibility to their customers and took a proactive approach to securing the banks main office and quartet branches. The NetClarity and Secure Computing bundle augments the current network security strategy at Seamens Bank to enable real-time justification of all assets on their LAN, which is paramount to protecting information about its account holders (B usiness Wire, 2006).Best Practice 2 DistributionThe music industry has also been impacted by the way technology has changed the distribution of products. The popularity of iPods and the Internet has made music easily accessible to consumers. Instead of spending $14 on a CD, consumers can select their favorite songs from the artist and download the music at a lower price (usually $1 per song). This technology has increased the globalization of the music industry. The music industry also reduced the amount of stolen goods by forcing download services, such as Napster and iTunes, to pay licensing fees. A more recent development in the protection of music copy rights is the Perform Act Debate. The U.S. Senate judicature Committee has been listening to arguments from both sides about legislation that would require satellite, line of work and Internet broadcasters to pay royaltiesand to pay at fair-market-value rates (Butler, 2006, p.1). As Internet technology increases the accessibilit y of movies, legislation and licensing fees can insure the legal distribution of the product.Best Practice 3 The EcosystemMichael Gallis and Associates are working with city planners to develop plans that address the interdependence of a community and the ecosystem. Peggy Ann Brown (2006) reasones how not to simply protect the environment, but to weave it into the fabric of a community. She goes on to discuss the importance of not having the eco-systems surrounding a community collapse. Technology they are currently employee to support the efforts of this integration is GIS, satellite imagery, and three-dimension mapping.Application of Best Practices to spoken language ChallengesThe identified best practice adopted by the banking industry can be used by the movie industry prior to distribution of its entire original content wide the web. In this regard networking associations should be made with companies that are aware of security concerns and address them appropriately. Compani es that provide the information technology should also be aware of the legal issues surrounding protection of IP rights and respect them. The recent tie-up between Warner Bros. Entertainment and BitTorrent has already made steps in addressing this concern. BitTorrent has ensured the creation of a legal coalition that respects the value of the intellectual property. BitTorrent continues to work with the Motion Picture tie beam of America (MPAA) to remove copyright infringing content from its search results and is working with studios to switch over that content, to provide a secure, legal venue for consumers (Business Wire, 2006).The application of George Lucass improved 3-dimensional filming can support the efforts of saving our ecosystems. Through the use of this best practice three-dimension technology, combined with efforts of Michael Gallis and I.N. Vogiatzakis humans could better understand the impact on our planet. With the use of this technology could reduce trips to sens itive environments and still allow for the preference of these special places. With the cost of this type of eco-friendly trips reduced, the experience of these important places would be procurable to a larger population. This in combination with non-invasive robotic equipment could increase the search for medical exam solutions from animals and plants deep in natural forests.ConclusionThe movie industry has a unique opportunity to profit from technological developments. By doing generic benchmarks of companies that have been successful in leveraging technology, the industry can effectively cultivate problems that the same advanced technology creates. Applying best practices of other companies can allow organizations to maintain a competitive advantage. Technology will allow the movie industry to become more global and increase the opportunity of profitability.

Marketing Islamic Travel Destinations A Religious Perspective Tourism Essay

Marketing Moslem Travel Destinations A spectral stead Tourism EssayLiterature on touristry and destination merchandising go steady is rich with key themes which seek to explain why lot move around and select specific destinations. M whatsoever of the studies ar based on the theory of pull and push motivations. The theory posits that tourers atomic number 18 pushed by upcountry desires or emotional detailors to travel as well as pulled by external factors in the form of the attributes of various destinations. While legion(predicate) a(prenominal) studies make been conducted to investigate the various types of destination attributes, there has been a lack of research on the ghostly attributes of the destination and its preserve on tourers choice as well as satisfaction. More e real localise, when it comes to Moslem religious attributes, the lack of case is much(prenominal) noticeable and pro set up. The accusing of this get a line is to investigate whethe r there exists a stem for segmenting the tourism commercialise by Moslem religious attributes through canvass the locations and popular smells of phaetons see to iting Malaysia.2. Significance of the StudyThe Islamic tourism segment whitethorn consider a target for destination marketers. Assuming religion represents wizard of grave factors in the decision-making process in regards to travel destinations(Collins Tisdell, 2002), it is important to reckon that Islamic religious attributes are available in those destinations. This whitethorn pebibyte to touring car satisfaction as well as encourage sixfold return visits. Moslems are well- come ined to follow Islamic teachings which trailly and indirectly impact on their decisions concerning leisure and travel plans (Hamira Henderson, 2009). In this regard plans to market destinations for Moslem tourists should be guided by sharia law (Islamic code of life) rules specific eachy those that pertain to tourism activit ies.In recent years, it has been observed that there is a growing interest in refreshful tourism judgments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Islamic tourism. An opposite concept is halal hospitality which is akin to the concept of proper solid solid fodder, a concept already recognized in many countries including those in the Middle East(WTM, 2007). Newspaper articles consider this to be a unseasoned phenomenon in the United Arab Emirates and Middle Eastern countries. halal tourism has draw outed many tour packages entirely based on what they term Islamic gloss (Javed, 2007) which is defined as a type of religious tourism which is in conformity with Islamic teachings regarding behaviourisms, exercise, conduct and diet (WTM, 2007). Heyers (2008) elaboration on the fast medium-large-scale development of Shariah-compliant hotels is but another expression of the existing trends towards maturation Islamisation of activities which in the past guidanceed more on banking, insura nce and finance. Thus, tourism is commandly encouraged by Islamic law as followers the religion entails etiquettes, mannerisms, rules and regulations regarding conduct, dress, diet, and invocation(Hamira Henderson, 2009). proper tourism operators target families from the Gulf region cognize for their conservative interpretation of the teachings of Islamic Shariah. The World Travel Market composition (2007) shows that halal tourism has the dominance to develop into a resilient market. brilliant market potentialities cause it to be targeted by industry operators and market researchers. nidus on this market is further increase by a seeed increase in growth whereby tourist income for the Middle East is expected to grow 108% to a staggering US$ 51 one thousand million while national tourism is expected to grow by 82% to reach US$24 Billion by 2011. Much of the forecasted growth is delinquent to increased numbers of Middle Eastern tourists which underlines the need for tren ded halal tourist packages offering do catering to Muslim ask.The negative side of westbound tourism causing halal tourism to be increasingly habitual among Muslims is issues which nurture a negative impact on the Muslim society such as the consumption of inebriant, prostitution, inappropriate dressing, kissing in public and open affection amidst sexes in public (Sindiga, 1996). However, non-Muslim countries continue to attract Muslim families, including those from the Gulf region interested in visiting attractions such as nature parks as these comply with Islamic Shariah. In response to this the current ponder is an attempt to greater understand the new concept of proper tourism.Muslims constitute a global market of 1.82 billion potential customers (Muslim population creationwide, 2009). Islamic religious attributes are bound to be very important considerations when a Muslim decides to travel abroad. Given the potential problems expected from non-halal tourism, the Musl im tourist whitethorn decide not to travel to a particular destination due to the absence of these attributes. gibe to Uysal et al. (2008, p. 413) a ingest of a the particular attributes of any given destination would result clues and/or insights that destination marketers could use in ontogeny and promoting their tourism destinations. Bogari et al.(2004) rubric that destination attributes and issues pertaining to Islamic culture were not sufficiently covered by researchers. In effect, the lease focuses in the Islamic attributes of destinations which could be used as a base to attract Muslim tourists in destination merchandising programs.The marketing of Islamic destinations is certainly not an easy task(Henderson, 2008b) because of the variance between the demands of western tourists and the Islamic teachings. in that respectfore, exploring Islamic attributes may help destination marketers to tailor products and services that satisfy Muslim tourists in addition to using the m in promotional programs. In addition, this study attempts to offer insights into the tourism expectations and start outs of followers of the Islamic religion. Muslim tourists could be influenced by religious aspects in their destination choice. Thus, the objective of this study is to look for which Islamic attributes of destinations such as worship facilities and halal food that may be important to the Muslim tourist speci onlyy in the Muslim world.3. Literature reviewReligion plays a large influence on many communitys behaviour as customers (Essoo Dibb, 2004). In the setting of tourism, religion may influence the choice of destination and tourists product pickences(Adi Ron, 2008). According to Poria et al. (2003), the effects of religious belief on behaviour come from devil main sources First, there are the yes and nos, dos and donts of a persons religion which are to be observed. Examples consist of the religious rules prohibiting Muslims from consuming pork, or Hindu s from consuming beef. The sustain means by which behaviour is influenced is the fact that religion shapes the culture, attitudes and values of society. This is support by Grigg (1995) whose research nominates evidence on the influence of religion and pietism on dietary habits. Further support is bring in Essoo and Dibb (2004) who present the influence of religion on consumer behaviour by identifying the differences in consumer outgo between Muslims and Hindus.Although the relationship between tourism and religion has been addressed in the literature on tourism, there remains a shortage of notional publications in the area of tourism in the context of Islam. Religion and religionism are acknowledged factors influencing behaviour according to various companionable settings. In spite of this widely acknowledged fact, research that explores relationships between religion, behaviour and tourist destination choice remains highly limited (Adi, 2006 Adi Ron, 2008 Din, 1989 Fleisc her, 2000 Howe, 2001 Poria et al., 2003 Rinschede, 1992). Din (1989) argues that social scientists have tended to overlook the greatness of religion in tourism studies. Its sizeableness is emphasized by Adi and Ron (2008) who underline the general importance of the relationship between tourism and religion. For this causal agent Heo et al. (2004) recommend more related studies that identify and contend special tourist requirements and preferences. Although neglecting to mention religion specific altogethery, Fang et al. (2008) conclude that tourists are more likely to choose destinations believed to best satisfy tourist push ineluctably and preferred destination attributes.Studies conducted in this area include Adi (2006) which investigates the religious needs of Christian tourist in the hospitality industry and Fleischer and Nitzav (1995) which investigates the religious needs of Christian pilgrims in the tourism industry. Likewise Hoffmann (1994 Cited in Adi 2006) conducts r esearch on Jewish ultra-orthodox tourism segment. In addition to this, many papers full complement the aforementioned research by discussing the religious requirements in the tourism food sector. For example, Dugan (1994) presents the religious necessities in food supply for Muslim, Christian, Jews, Hindus and Buddhists.When it comes to the relationship between tourism and religion, particularly Islam, the lack of literature is more obvious especially regarding Islamic religious attributes and their impact on tourist needs in general and Muslim tourists in particular. The solo studies available typically focus only on the needs of Muslim pilgrims (when they visit Makkah for the Haj) rather than the needs of tourists. However, Adi and Ron (2008) forecast increased number of religiously-minded tourists who join dynamic multi intend packages especially from developing countries many of which are Muslim countries.3.1 Religious AttributesWhat does the term religious attributes of desti nations truly mean? There are many aspects that can constitute religious attributes of destinations. The following sections present the literature on the matter3.1.1 Hotels Meeting the Religious Needs of PatronsAdditional religious services and provisions in hotels may result in attracting new markets and improved hotel rates (Adi, 2006). A study in Israel conducted by Mansfeld et al. (2000) recommended placing Makkah stickers or Qibla stickers (stickers with or alludented arrows pointing towards the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia for en managey directions) as well as placing a copy of the account book in every fashion occupied by Muslim visitors. Din (1989) found that hotels in Kuantan, Malaysia catered to Muslim needs in the hospitality industry by requiring first class hotels to render charm entourage fully equipped with orison mats, the ledger, Suruh Yasin, and Tasbih, plus Qibla stickers.Adi (2006) presented a number of adumbrateions to improve the religion-friendlines s of hotels. The insinuateions begin by simply providing a rule book in hotel boards along with providing learning on religious activities and institutions. This keeps religiously-minded tourists in direct contact with scripture and informed of available services. Employment of Christian workers creates a religious atmosphere in the hotel. The hotel may choose to organize its own religious activities. It should provide a place of worship within the hotel itself or be in coda proximity to a church. Christian symbols within a hotel such as a cross and images of the Virgin Mary help to provide a religious environment and dcor.Religious values play a role in catering to religious needs. For example, Collins-Kreiner Kliot (2000) hypothesizes the Protestants need for a bible in hotel rooms based on their belief in direct communication with God. Fleischer (2000) compares between Catholic and Protestant pilgrims in terms of the peculiarities of their tourist needs. The study reveals that Protestants appreciate religious symbols and opt for religious-sensitive tourist packages more so than Catholics. Moreover, Adi (2006) recommended catering to such Christian needs in the hotel room as that may increase the satisfaction of Christian touristsEmpirical studies on the impact of catering to Islamic religious needs and the level of satisfaction of Muslim tourists are very few. almost of the studies discuss services of this nature which may include Muslim religious restrictions such as activities of vice and forbid entry for unmarried couples (Din, 1989 Hamira Henderson, 2009 Henderson, 2003) . They as well as found that hotels may provide religious information such as the location of nearby mosques or charm times and nearby halal restaurants (Henderson, 2003). Furthermore, as Muslims avoid free admixture between the sexes, hotels could offer separate swimming pools and recreational facilities (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004 Henderson, 2003 Timothy Iverson, 2006). Hashim et al. (2007) suggest that providing Halal food on the hotel menu or information on nearby Halal restaurants would enhance the vacation experience. Timothy and Iverson (2006) also suggest that hotels should educate their staff on cross-cultural communication to allow them to treat Muslim tourists with respect and consider recruiting religious staff.3.1.2 Places of worshipThe five free-and-easy invocations are of great importance to practicing Muslims. Therefore, the mosque (a Muslim house of worship) or postulation room is considered to be one of the most crucial facilities for Muslims (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004 Syed, 2001). Adi (2006) suggests that proximity to a mosque may influence Muslim tourist preferences when making hotel reservations. Mohsin (2005) conducted a study to assess Peninsular Malaysians attitude towards choosing the Northern Territory of Australia for a holiday as a tourism destination and found that Muslim respondents were have-to doe with about(pred icate) the availability of mosques.Mohsin and Ryan (1997) recommend that the ease of glide path to Islamic services are important when they explored the attitudes of Malaysian and Indonesian business people towards the speculation of holidaying in Australia. It is also suggested that Middle Eastern countries take concrete stairs to develop Halal tourism internally by having prayer rooms at tourism sites (WTM, 2007). Syed (2001) also suggested that the availability of mosques at tourist destinations may increase satisfaction levels. The mosque itself may be considered as a tourist attraction if they are unique and outstanding (Henderson, 2003).3.1.3 Availability of Halal foodDugan (1994) presented findings on food service requirements by Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Christians. Evidence from Browns (1996) ethnographic study shows the influence of religious prohibitions on determining their expectations regarding services provided by a hotel such as appropriate ingredient ch oice and preparation. This is further back up by Williams (2002) who identified the role of the Jewish Kashrus (Jewish religious requirements) in prohibiting certain foods and regulating compliance procedures for food preparation.For Muslims, the issue is centred on the concept of Halalness. Halal food refers to food that can be lawfully consumed when conditions for Islamic food preparation are met. Food that is unlawful to Muslims includes pork, pork-derived foods including lard and bacon and meat and other products from carnivorous animals or those that feed on carrion. Consumption of any food or drinks with alcoholic content is also interdict (Dugan, 1994). One important distinguishing feature of the Halal label is that animals must be slaughtered in the name of Allah (God).There are many studies that show the importance of the availability of Halal food to Muslims in choosing their tourist destinations (Adi, 2006 Adi Ron, 2008 Mohsin, 2005 Mohsin Ryan, 1997 Syed, 2001). The importance of this to some Muslims is reflected by the fact that even when served halal food, many are still concerned over whether the food is genuinely halal. Henderson (2003) found that some firms in the Western tourism industry are concerned over this issue. Some Muslims ask about the ingredients the meal is make up of because pork and alcohol in all its many forms are forbidden. Therefore, meals which are provided to Muslim have to be alcohol and pork-free and the utensils have to be uncontaminated by these two elements (Dugan, 1994).Catering to Muslim tourists needs in terms of providing Halal food in any particular destination may increase their overall satisfaction and loyalty. Mansfeld et al. (2000) gives unambiguous recommendations for providing food which complies with Shariah laws. Therefore, a caterer who is aware on how to satisfy Muslims or who offers religious groups dietary needs leave alone attract more Muslim customers (Dugan, 1994).3.1.4 Banning of Alcohol Cons umption and GamblingAccording to Islamic Shariah, it is tout ensemble forbidden for Muslims to drink or sell alcohol. Muslims are also prohibited from gambling and organism involved in the gambling industry. It is stated in Al- playscript O ye who believe Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satans handwork eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper. (Al-Quran, 590). Moreover the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (peace be upon him) said Alcohol is the have of all evils and it is the most shameful of evils. (Ibn Majah, 2004). It is also not permissible for Muslims to visit places where alcohol is consumed and gambling is practiced (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004 Din, 1989 Hamira Henderson, 2009 Hashim et al., 2007 Henderson, 2003, 2008a).Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia action very restrictive policies related to gambling and the sale of alcohol. Other countries are not so restrictive. For example, in most states in Mal aysia alcohol is freely available although Muslims can be punished for drinking in public.3.1.5 familiar permissivenessThe Shariah expressly forbids Muslims from engaging in fornication or adultery. Activities deemed conducive to sexual permissiveness are not allowed to take place in public. This is based on many verses in The blessed Quran including like Nor come nigh to adultery for it is a shameful (deed) and an evil, beginning the road (to other evils). (Al-Quran, 17 32).Many Muslim scholars take the view that it is Haram or not permissible to visit, for the sake of tourism, places where sexual permissiveness is rampant. Their opinion is based on the principle that Islam came to impede all roads star(p) to evil. If some tourist activities result in the facilitation or the commission of sins whence(prenominal) it is not permissible for Muslims to be involved in such tourist activities (Rasma, 2008).Most Muslim countries including Malaysia prohibit adultery. The Malaysian li censing policy prohibits prostitution and behaviours such as public or indecent displays of affection (Din, 1989 Hamira Henderson, 2009 Henderson, 2003, 2008a). Moreover, in some Malaysian towns municipal enactments for lodging establishments explicitly forbid unmarried couples from being in nigh proximity (Din, 1989). Many Muslim authorities scowl on tourism in general due to the perception that tourism is associated with sexual permissiveness (Din, 1989). Therefore, some Muslim scholars prohibit sex tourism as practiced by some Arab Muslims from the Middle East in travel to Europe or Bangkok (Din, 1989).What is more, using sexually agitative images in marketing tourist destinations to Muslim customers is also frowned upon. According to Shariah, promotion techniques must not use sexual appeal in internationalistic marketing (Mohammad et al., 2001). Female images are therefore not featured in tourism promotion in some Malaysian states like Terengganu (Henderson, 2003). Mohsin ( 2005) is of the opinion that the use of sexually provocative images of bikini-clad girls to promote a destination entrust not attract Muslim tourists.3.1.6 Dress codeAccording to Shariah Muslim women must not expose their hair and body. The Holy Quran states O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better in order that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not annoyed (Al-Quran, , 33 59) custody are supposed to cover their thighs (Timothy Iverson, 2006).In deciding tour destinations, Muslims look at the local dress codes in that particular region of the world being considered. Such considerations are to gauge the level of conformity to Islamic dress norms in order to determine if they will or will not be comfortable visiting that particular destination. This is particularly so for Arab tourists who have to observe strict dress codes in their native countries and prefer no t to expose themselves and families to environments that may threaten their sense of proper dressing.Hashim et al (2007) demonstrates the Malaysian Tourist Boards awareness of Islamic dress sensitivities by constricting their marketing campaigns to present only traditional Malay Muslim dress codes. Women with headscarves and men wearing Songkoks-a black rimless hat worn by Malay men usually for praying-were depicted on advertising billboards and station pages. Some conservative Malaysian states enforce appropriate dress norms prohibiting people from disturbing cultural norms by wearing revealing clothes such as bikinis. Furthermore, western tourists are expected to adorn the Islamic apparel when visiting religious places like mosques (Henderson, 2003).Hamira and Henderson (2009) claim that Shariah laws prohibit untoward dressing. Al-Hamarneh and Seiner (2004) assert that considerations of the religious conservatism of any particular region including order dress codes should be respected. Such cultural considerations are expected more so of tourism operators in all aspects of the tourism industry as they are interacting directly and regularly with foreign tourists (Adi Ron, 2008).4. MethodologyThe objective of this study is to explore Islamic religious attributes which may be important to Muslim travellers. In order to achieve this objective, focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted and were followed up with interviews to explore opinions and travel experiences in more depth. This combination of the FGD and the interviews has its advantages. Firstly, in identifying a guide of Islamic religious attributes from the FGD. Secondly, to explore in depth, by conducting interviews using a relatively wide range of participants in order to discover more Islamic attributes and to check the conclusions with the FGD (Morgan, 1996). The FGD and the interviews are research techniques pertaining to qualitative research (Myers, 2009, p. 121). The aim of the FGD is t o collect information through group interaction but the interview is considered an opportunity to discover new information from individuals (Cavana, Delahaye, Sekaran, 2008, p. 138). Semi-structured questions were designed in this study for the purpose of conducting interviews and focus group discussions.Semi-structured questions were designed in this study for the purpose of conducting interviews and focus group discussions. The participants were asked about the Islamic attributes they would require when traveling in a Muslim country or a non Muslim country. They were then asked specifically about these attributes when visiting Muslim countries. This was followed by probing questions that seek to explore in detail specific attributes generated from FGDs such as access to worship facilities, availability of Halal food, services provided in hotels, and morality.Two focus group discussions were conducted in June 2009. The participants of these focus groups were international PhD stu dents currently studying in Malaysia in different areas of research. The participants of FGD1 consisted of eight males from Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Mauritania, Oman, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt and Sudan. The duration of FGD1 was one and a half time of days. The participants of FGD 2 consisted of seven females from Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Nigeria, Oman, Turkey, and Algeria. The duration of FGD 2 was one hour and fifteen minutes and the participants did not agree to record the school term digitally. The reason for this may be culturally related. All FGD participants had overseas travel experience for various purposes such as tourism, business, learning, and visiting friends.A total of 53 interviews were conducted with tourists in Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia 27 interviews in July 2009 and 26 interviews in October 2009. Thirty of the interviewees were males, and twenty three were females. Only those who professed to be Muslims were selected. 38 tourists did not accept to be int erviewed. The duration of most interviews was between 35 to 45 minutes. 41 interviews were recorded digitally. The rest were unable to be recorded due to objections from the interviewees who were females from the Middle East. The interviewer transcribed both the FGDs as well as all interviews session. Some interviewees from the Middle East preferred to communicate in Arabic while the rest were conducted in side. The interviewer adopted the probing technique during the session to encourage the participants to provide more details. Some demographic information was also gathered. The digital recording of the interviews was changed into text. The data was organized for easy categorization and overbearing data analysis.5. FindingsResults of the analysis were categorized into two major aspects which are overt and intangible. The tangible aspect consists of Islamic religious facilities such as, worship facilities, Halal food, and Islamic recreational facilities(A) charm facilitiesMosque all interviewees were concerned about the availability of Mosques (masjid) or prayer rooms for their tourist destination. Easy access to a mosque/prayer room is considered a vital aspect for Muslim tourists and should not be ignored by tourism planning but should be considered a necessary service. This can be shown in the following response Masjid or prayer room must be available in the streets and public places. In other words, a prayer room should be available in all places which I may visit in the destination such as hotels, shopping malls, and airports. Even in the sheet to destination, it should allocate a place for prayer. (FGD No. 1)Masjid is available in most of the places in the destination during my journey, in shopping malls, highways and of course in the hotel. (Int. No.1, USA)It is noticed from the previous responses that Muslim tourists expect easy access to a Masjid and/or prayer room to be a original requirement in Muslim countries. They also highlighted that they expect to find prayer facilities readily accessible during tourist activities.Islamic call (Azan) for prayer 31 interviewees were concerned about the need for public calling of the Azan (prayer time). Destination operators should provide information about Muslim prayer times. 17 interviewees recommended a prayer time call during flights or journeys to their destinations, hotels, shopping malls and parks. Some also request prayer time clocks (which ring with each prayer time) or a prayer timetable in the hotel room. I need also Prayer time call in the airplane, airport, hotel or at least prayer timetable in hotel room. (Int.No.2, Canada) Prayer timetable or Alfajr clock (Prayer time clock brand) should be found in hotel room. (Int.No.4, Saudi Arabia).In Islam Muslims should pray five times daily but they are permitted to merge and shorten the prayers while travelling according to the length of the journey and other Islamic legal rules and requirements. As such, the participants prefe rred that they be reminded about prayer times in order that they may choose between praying at the usual times or merge them.Quran and Qiblah direction pointer all interviewees emphasized the importance of the provision of Qurans and Qiblah direction pointers in hotel rooms. Some proposed that one or two simple Islamic books to be provided in hotel rooms and in airplane lav pockets. It will be fine if I find Quran book in hotel room, some Islamic leaflets in the airplane seat pocket, Makkah direction pointer, Sejadda for prayer (prayer mat), simple Islamic book in hotel room (FGD No. 1)I need the Holy Quran book at heart the hotel room, some Islamic books which I can read I dont want any statue or sculpture like a Buddhist. I found that in India when I was there. Also direction of Qibla is important to me (Int. No.15, Djibouti)The Quran is the Holy book for Muslims. Muslims are requested to read the Holy Quran. Although most of Muslims have a soft copy of the Quran on their han d phones, the tall(prenominal) copy represents the preferable option for reading. Moreover, the Makkah direction pointer is a elemental demand of Muslims as they perform their prayers elsewhere even though in public places. Some hotel industry practitioners, even some hotels in non Muslim countries, already provide Qiblah pointers inside their hotel rooms but some participants opus that they did not find it in some hotels in Muslim countries.Muslim toilets 36 interviewees who have travelled to western destinations complained about the bath room because they could not perform ablution (Muslim mandatory wash uping before performing prayers). There is no such facility inside airport toilets and hotels. Therefore, they requested Muslim toilets to be provided in all airports, hotels and public places.Muslim toilet is very important in airport because the regular toilets provide only tissue. As Muslims, we need water supply inside the toilet. It should be found in public places becaus e in the hotel you can find water but in public it is difficult. (Int. No.14, Thailand)I will be very happy if I find and Bidet in the bathroom (Int. No.2, Canada).Muslim followers must do ablution before prayers. They are required to clean themselves with water when using the toilet. Some countries adopt modern toilet designs which do not enable users to wash themselves using water providing only tissue. However, some Muslim countries have change this style and have adopted a Muslim design for their bathrooms which provide water. From previous participant responses, they find it satisfying when water facilities are made available in toilets.(B)Halal food all interviewees reported that the availability of Halal food is a basic need for all destinations. It is noticed that all interviewees need Halal meals in flights to their destination. Moreover, they recommended that hotels and restaurants in the destination should provide Halal meals free from pork and alcohol. Some of them wer e worried about the preparation of Halal meals. Seven interviewees highlighted that the kitchen should also be Halal which means that Halal and non-Halal foods cannot be cooked together in the same kitchen and with the same utensils. I need Halal food to be available. The mosques and Halal food restaurants, mostly they are pen up to each other. Last week, I was in Cambodia. Once I was close to the Masjid I found Halal restaurants. (Int. No.13, Turkey) Some hotels, in eat they provide Halal food and non-Halal food from the same kitchen that means the Halal and non Halal food are cooked together using the same facilities. I need Halal kitchen. Moreover, some Arabian tourists cant read English so they eat non-Halal meat. (Int. No.12, Egypt)The travel experiences of some participants highlighted that easy to find Halal food is one factor in choosing the destination for their vacation. Some are very sensitive regarding Halal issues and go well beyond Halal labels. They want to make sur e the meat and ingredients used in prep are Halal and do this by usually asking the service providers. On top of this they also ask whether the kitchen is Halal or not. In response to this some hotels in Malaysia allocate two kitchens Halal and non-Halal.(C)Islamic pastime 39 interviewees gave high priority to finding Islamic-oriented recreations s

Drivers For Internationalization In Aerospace Management Essay

Drivers For Internationalization In Aerospace Management proveThe text file in this portfolio be both related to the strategic decisions that integrated organizations earn in raise to expand their sh argon of the ever-growing international foodstuff, slice ensuring that their competitors are not able to replicate their formula for supremacy. Three of the text file discuss specific companies-Tesco, Rolls-Royce, Carre quadruplet and Wal-Mart-thus giving the impression of a miniskirt case study on how these spheric players strategize their soldieryner into food market control and superior firm performance. The third and final paper is a full general discussion on George yap model on internationalistization drivers as these are applied in the civil aerospace engine manufacturing and the world(prenominal) food product retail industries.Students, scholars and practiti angiotensin converting enzymers a wish ordain benefit from the lessons and analyses made in these p apers because they show a thoughtful and realistic look into the workings of disparate incorporated organizations while utilizing different personal line of credit concepts. At the end of the day, this portfolio is designed to show the students ability to comprehend and analyze practical business dilemmas in light of existing theory.Drivers for internationalizationGeorge Yip proposed his model of the drivers for the growth of international system among corporate organizations. He introduced cardinal main categories of drivers that were key in determining the extent of globularization within a particular industriousness. These areMarket globalization drivers court globalization driversGovernment globalization drivers competitory globalization driversA party that exhibits less of these drivers is characterized as being topical anesthetic in nature, and conversely a company with a higher add up of the drivers are becoming more global both in lookout man and in operation. Thes e drivers are not stand-alone, however, because they in fact influence on another in a cycle that determines a corporate organizations circle to join the ranks of global companies. Stated otherwise, these internationalization drivers are governed by four different factors technology, social and demographic considerations, politics and legislation, and economic and political considerations. totally in all, should a company wish to transform its operations from that of a topical anesthetic patience to an international one, it should pay prudence to the different factors that backside check or break its ability to participate actively in the global market. bandage there are of course other factors that whitethorn influence a companys eventual success in tone ending global, Yips model gives us a simplified and practical view of what it would offspring for a company to launch itself into the global playing field and make its dole out of global consumers.Different industries an d different corporate organizations vary greatly in their capacity for globalization, oddly because the nature of the products/ function they offer as strong as the consumers who avail of them are vastly distinct from one another. Let us compare the global grocery retailing industry and the civil aerospace engine manufacturing industry as an example. We can compare the both in this mannerGlobal grocery retailing industrycivic aerospace engine manufacturing industryMarket driverHighLowCost driverHighHighGovernmentHighLow war homogeneousHighHighCountries that cast the most rewardous combination of as many drivers as possible are preferred by global companies, as a market for their products/services, as a home initiation or both. As we can see from the table above, the global retail industry real has punter potential for pushing a global strategy. This is evidenced by the relatively recent intro of new global grocery retailing brands such as Wal-Mart into previously untapped m arkets like china. Because of the high tendency for globalization, other retail companies are besides inauguration to look in to the possibility of expanding their business overseas in order to benefit from a oversizedger customer base.Carrefour, Wal-Mart and the Chinese marketThe entry of big international players in the Chinese local market in recent years has sh sustain that China is the new gold rush for global companies looking to expand their share of the market. The global grocery retailing industry is just one of the many business sectors that build come to China to make the most out of the millions of consumers who will avail of their products and services.The bid to make China the next biggest market for the global retail industry started in 1992 when the country opened up its retail industry to foreign investors like Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Carrefour entered the market three years later by opening a confederacy with a Chinese management consulting firm, creating an entity called Jia Chuang. While other companies treated the Chinese market as one big bloc of consumers, Carrefour looked considered it to be composed of many smaller markets. It opted to frame regional offices which were in charge of the refinement programs for different areas of the country, kinda of having a centralized national operations lucre.Carrefour continues to carry out its involution strategy by depending on local distri onlyors, who supervise the delivery of their products straightforward to the stores from the regional centres. The company believes that flexibility is a priority consideration curiously when operating in a relatively new market. The cost of discipline is cut down because Carrefour is able to build its network store by store while keeping issues near uniformity of service and tincture control in check.As for Wal-Mart, they see the challenges of the Chinese retail market differently. Unlike Carrefour, Wal-Mart is putting its investments on a ce ntralized distribution constitution that is headquartered in Kengzian. The new centre boasts of a 40,000 square meter speediness that has been created to tump overle simultaneous deliveries with up to 70 bays. But like Carrefour, Wal-Mart has also entered the Chinese domestic market by partnering with a local firm, a Taiwanese retail firm named Trust-Mart.Wal-Marts emphasis on back-end operations is more or less the exact opposite of Carrefours customer- prototypical strategy, although the latter seems to be on the upper hand in terms of actual market share and profitability. However, at round point Carrefour will also need to pay attention to its back-end to maximize the strong dynamics among its stores. Its current strategy is working well for Chinas market environment but new developments will have to be introduced in the future.No global retailer has yet launched an all-out expansion into China without creating a joint venture with a local company, which is a strategy that enables them to ease slowly but surely into the market instead of going in without a clue as to how the market actually works from the inside. However, it would be more disadvantageous for a global company not to try breaking into the Chinese business scene. The market is abounding with millions and millions of consumers who are only too willing to try new the products and services that have suddenly become available to them thanks to the opening up of the market. Care moldiness be made in making these new foreign financial investments work in order to ensure that the companies will see good returns on their investments. Companies must not be deluded by the promise of a huge new market and fall goat their usual standards for doing business.Tescos sum total strategies and VMOTesco is one of the leaders in the global retailing industry. The company started in the United Kingdom in the late mid-twenties and has since grown to be one of the most robust and successful supermarket com panies in the world instantly.Tescos message strategy is founded on their desire to attract and keep open customers who will become their lifetime partners. The company espouses the belief that their corporate success is dependent on their ability to meet the demands of quite a little-both the people who work for them and the people who shop with them. Tescos two-pronged approach misses out on no opportunity to break not only their service and products, but also their international kind with their staff.This is reflective of the current thinking among corporate organizations immediately that a companys benevolent capital is more than just another factor of production-they are in fact the backbone of a company and they make it possible for the corporate strategies to be carried out effectively. Paauwe and Boselie (2002) point out that the government issue of such a breed of HR management has been brought about by the fact that piece capital is now seen as a source of compet itive advantage.As for Tescos commitment to their customers, the company is firmly rooted in the belief that going the extra mile to satisfy their shoppers need and requirements will go a long way towards ensuring their loyalty to Tesco. Loyalty is key to maintaining and expanding Tescos share in the retail market. If Tesco can give a customer superior service, thusly there are higher chances that that customer will keep shop only at Tesco. But before Tesco can be first to meet their customers needs, they embark on a focused and in-depth study of their shoppers in order to anticipate what they require.Tesco employs what they call the Every Little Bit Helps strategy to ensure that they know exactly what their shoppers and their employees want. Tesco has designed five core business purposesBe a successful international retailerGrow the core UK businessBe equally strong in the food and non-food sectors flummox competitive retailing servicesPut the community at the core of all busines s activities.The Every Little Bit Helps strategy is Tescos way of translating these core objectives into actual strategies to help the company secure its organizational goals. Without the symmetry of both strategy and purpose to guide a corporate organization, especially a global one like Tesco, there will be little chance for the company to have a clear room of where it wants to go and how to go there. The core strategy and core purposes of Tesco are a way for the company to articulate what it wants to achieve within a disposed timeframe, as well as crafting the necessary steps to accomplish the goals that it had inflexible for itself. As for Tesco, the company is imbued with the lesson that no organization will progress without considering the needs of its customers and its employees, so their approach is always to seek what is best for both in order to make the company number one.Strategic alliances and Rolls-RoyceNo man is an island-and even in businesses, this clich rings true today. Some organizations, particularly little ones or those that have only just started doing business, may be better off finding their own niche in todays complex market, but there may come a time when they will have to form significant partnerships with other businesses in order to flourish and achieve sustained growth.The current state of the global business landscape today has forced organizations to come up with more creative ways of endure and keeping ahead of their competitors. Some of the more important aspects that most companies today are focusing on to improve their overall performance are enhancing their brand identity, connecting with customers and attracting competent and highly-skilled workers (Isidro, 2000).Moreover, todays corporate managers are also facing a highly competitive environment that is increasingly complex, globally cantered, and technologically chatoyant where there is a critical need for dynamic, flexible, and proactive responses (Miles, Preec e, and Baetz, 1999). It is no bimestrial enough to emphasize on creating and opportunities on their own, because independence also has its drawbacks.As a result of the various pressures that companies are facing, there is now an increase tendency among them to favour forging strategic partnerships and alliances as a feasible business option. Elmut and Kathawala (2001) are also of the opinion that strategic alliances among corporate organizations are one of the most recent trends in the business community that have made it possible for companies to stay afloat despite serious drawbacks and difficulties.In the case of Rolls-Royce, the company has entered into almost 30 separate partnerships with different firms all over the world to help expand its share of the global market and build on its knowledge and technology base. Of the four reasons that Elmut and Kathawala (2001) outlined for the emergence of strategic alliances, it appears that there are two primary reasons for why Rolls- Royce has chosen to partner with different firms. For one thing, the company stands to gain from such partnership in terms of entering new markets with which it is unfamiliar. Brokering a deal with local corporations allows Rolls-Royce to expand its market while at the same time benefiting from the expertise of an old-timer in the market.Secondly, Rolls-Royce is also into strategic partnerships in order to find oneself new technology and best quality at the cheapest cost. The company has four business divisions, all of which need intense research and development funding. instead of going through their own R and D cycle, Rolls-Royce can share their knowledge and technology with their strategic partners at a much lower cost, thus ensuring that each division is well-maintained but is not draining the companys resources for continual R and D. While Rolls-Royce can actually provide the funding for its own R and D, it is more cost-efficient for the company to trade information with i ts partners and make the product or service immediately available in the market.It must be noted, however, that it is not just Rolls-Royce who stands to reap all the wonderful benefits from the strategic alliance. Their partners also take advantage of the Rolls-Royce brand name and the companys existing network of contacts, suppliers and customers, giving the other partner a fair competitive advantage over its competitors in the local market. Strategic alliances are all about creating good working relationships with other companies in the industry and pooling together resources for the reciprocal benefit of the partners.

Dinoflagellates And Bioluminescence Emission

Dinoflagellates And Bioluminescence EmissionBioluminescence is the expelling of unmortgaged from living organisms, without giving out coarse or no heat. It is basically a 100% efficient system. rough all of the energy factorrated is converted into set out(a) with al intimately none mixed-up in heat or sound production. It is literally a cutting fire. The light results from a chemical reaction mediated by enzymes and involving vary molecules in the organisms. Bioluminescence occurs in species too numerous to list but the most recognizable ones include dinoflagellates, some jellyfish and fireflies. Dinoflagellates and fireflies atomic number 18 by furthermost the most common sources of bioluminescence in the ocean and on land respectively. whatever deep sea fish be equipped with organs that advance luminescence to which prey is attracted. The flamees emitted by male and female fireflies are employment as species specific signals for mating. The use of bioluminescenc e in an organism tummy be to evade piranas, attacking its enemies, camouflage, food, attracting their mates or sometimes due to organisms within an organism.Dinoflagellates are uni cubicleular aquatic organisms which come under the order Dinoflagellida and the manakin Phytomastigophorea with two uneven flagella for locomotion. Several thousand species of dinoflagellates are k straightawayn to mankind. to the superiorest degree contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic. Among these there are the diatoms, which are the capital mystifyrs of energy in the ocean food chain. Like many conglomerate one celled organisms, dinoflagellates show traits of both animals and plants and are claimed by zoologists as protozoans and by botanists as algae. They are mostly marine creatures and in warm change waters they sometimes reproduce in enormous numbers resulting in a bloom. Many species of dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. Both heterotrophic and autotrophic dinoflagellates are known . Some wad be both. They form a significant check of primary planktonic production in both oceans and lakes. Most dinoflagellates go through moderately complex life calendar method of birth controls involving several steps, sexual and asexual, motile and non-motile. Some species form cysts composed of sporopollenin, and preserve as fossils.Dinoflagellates display considerable morphological variations and many share a common anatomical intent during at least one stage of their life cycle. Most of them down two flagella inserted into their cell wall via the flagellar pores at approximately the same location. In many one of the flagella wraps around the cell and is known as the transversal flagellum, piece the other longitudinal flagellum extends tangentially to the cell, perpendicular to the mainsheet of the transverse flagellum. The beating of the longitudinal flagellum and the transverse flagellum imparts a forward and spiraling swimming motion, and defines the anterior and the posterior. The flagellar pore and point of flagellar insertion defines the ventral with the opposite side dorsal. Left and right sides of the cell are then defined as in most organisms.Basic frame of a pouchte, dinokont dinoflagellateA depression occurs on the ventral surface at the point of flagellar insertion, and is known as the sulcus. The transverse flagellum occurs in a furrow known as the cingulum which encircles the cell except where it is interrupted by the sulcus on the ventral surface. The cell wall of dinoflagellates is subdivided into multiple polygonal amphiesmal vesicles of vary numbers from half a dozen to hundreds. In some dinoflagellates, these vesicles are filled with relatively thick cellulose plates with bounding sutures. When this occurs, the cell wall is referred to as a theca. Dinoflagellates possessing a theca are often referred to as armored dinoflagellates, while the ones which lack are referred to as naked dinoflagellates.Redrawn from Fensome et al . 1996Schematic life cycle history of dinoflagellatesComing to the life cycle of dinoflagellates which is multi-staged and about 6 stages can be clearly identified in peridiniales dinoflagellates. The six stages areWhen speedy growth and a population expansion is observed vegetative extension service dominates and takes over.Now the schizonts act as gametes and pair up to form zygotes. repayable to this process one or more theca may be lost.A new theca is formed from the new diploid zygote.The use level of the cell decreases, and with time the flagella is lost. This zygote is termed as a hypnozygote. When the theca is separated and broken and decayed the cyst is formed and completed.The cyst now settles down in the bottom on the sea.After the period of dormancy the theca is grown again and it becomes motile.For an organism to give discharge light, at least two chemicals are required in the presence of type O and the energy molecule ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate). The one which p roduces the light is generically called a luciferin and the one that drives or catalyzes the reaction is called a luciferase. Luciferase is the enzyme that catalyses the oxidisation of luciferin which is the basic substrate in bioluminescent reactions.The basic reaction follows the sequence illustrated aboveThe luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin.Resulting in light and an inactive oxyluciferin.In most cases, fresh luciferin mustiness be brought into the system, either through the diet or by upcountry synthesis.Sometimes the luciferin and luciferase are bound together in a maven unit called a photo protein. This molecule can be triggered to produce light when a particular type of ion is added to the system (say calcium as it happens in the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria).Dinoflagellate luciferin is thought to be derived from chlorophyll, and has a very similar structure. In the genus Gonyaulax, at pH 8 the molecule is protected from the luciferase by a luciferin-bindin g protein, but when the pH lowers to around 6, the free luciferin reacts and light is produced.The structure of the luciferin in a dinoflagellateThe ability to produce luminescence is strictly dependent upon the daylight or night cycle. In a twelve hour light or twelve hour dark cycle, dinoflagellates will lonesome(prenominal) split second brightly during the dark phase. Light emitted is brightest after several hours of darkness. Early in the morning, glowing activity is reduced and they no longer give off light upon shaking or disturbing them. During the day, the dinoflagellates appear as oval shaped cells, pigmented red, indicating the presence of chlorophyll which enables photosynthesis to occur so they may ingathering light from the sun. The luminescence is transient and the cells soon return to their resting state. Most cells flash for less than a second, however others appear toglow for 1-6 seconds. Upon repeated stimulation, light emission is much reduced. Within about h alf an hour of rest, the luminescence becomes brighter again.12 hour light cycleBioluminescence is used to evade predators which act as a type of burglar alarm for defense mechanism in dinoflagellates. They produce light when the deformation of the cell by minute forces triggers its luminescence. When the cell is disturbed by a predator, it will give a light flash lasting 0.1 to 0.5 seconds. The flash is meant to attract a secondary predator that will be more liable(predicate) to attack the predator that is hard to consume the dinoflagellate. The light flash also makes the predator jump and take about other predators attacking it, making the predator less likely to prey on the dinoflagellate.2In most dinoflagellates, bioluminescence is controlled by an internal biologic rhythm. They are on a circadian rhythm. Towards the end of daylight, luminous chemicals are packaged in vesicles called scintillons. The scintillons then migrate to the cytoplasm from the area around the nucleus. It is not currently known how the scintillons are moved to the cytoplasm. During the night light is triggered by mechanical stimulation. When action effectiveness generates in the vacuole, the action potential propagates throughout the rest of the cell. This allows protons to pass from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm becomes acidified, normally by henry ions and the process is activated in the scintillons.Dinoflagellates have distinct chromosomes through the full cell cycle although their condensation word forms vary during interphase, with a maximum unwinding fit with the peak of replication in S phase. They are attached to the thermonuclear envelope and have a unique organization. Free-living dinoflagellates have high chromosome numbers per haploid genome while parasitic dinoflagellates have only a few chromosomes. Chromosomal ultra structure varies during interphase, and lacks the typical banding pattern of mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes, reflecting the genome compartmentalization. Dinochromosomes show a banded and arched organization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and freeze-etching that corresponds to a cholesteric organization of their DNA with a unalterable left-handed twist. Whole-mount chromosomes have a left-handed screw-like configuration with differentiated just about spherical ends. Dinomitosis occurs without nuclear envelope breakdown and nucleolar disassembly and with an extra nuclear mitotic spindle without direct contact with the chromosomes.Dinoflagellates are true eukaryotes that go through a secondary loss of histones during evolution, constituting the only living eukaryotic knockouts of histones. The ancestral gathering of the alveolates, that includes the dinoflagellates, had eukaryotic histones as observed in ciliates and apicomplexans suggesting that dinoflagellates may have experienced a secondary loss of histones, and a set of primitive bacterial HLP may have been reintroduced from a prokaryotic sourc e by gene transfer. Dinoflagellates have significant genomic differences compared with high eukaryotes at all levels, from report written material and methylation, to the structural organization of their DNA and chromosomal domains, that nevertheless led to a similar organization and functioning of nuclear domains. The exact way they use to regulate gene silencing and activation without histones is still unknown, although the high proportion of base methylation could be involved.The very mention of red tides brings to mind the fear of stillborn fish and toxic seafood. Red tide is a naturally occurring, higher than normal concentration of the microscopic algae. The massive multiplication of these tiny, single-celled algae is usually found in warm saltwater and is commonly referred to as a bloom. Even though they are important producers and a strike component to the food chain, dinoflagellates are also known for producing destructive toxins, especially when they are present in l arge numbers. They can not only kill a large range of marine species, but can also impart fatal toxins into several species, especially shellfish. Usually deadly to finfish, shellfish are relatively unaffected. These shellfish may then be eaten by humans, who are then affected by the stored toxins.

PROCTER AND GAMBLE | Leadership and Change Management

PROCTER AND GAMBLE leadinghip and Change ManagementProcter and assay OverviewProcter hazard is Ameri buttocks base cosmoss largest manufacturers of a wide range of intersections. The smart set main maker of ho habithold carrefours in the United States, PG has operations is more than(prenominal) then 80 countries around the world and markets its nearly 300 brands in more than 160 countries, more than half of the companys revenues atomic morsel 18 derived overseas. Company products, which slip away into the main categories of fabric cargon, home c be, knockout cargon, baby care, family care, health care, snacks, and beverages, are 16 that generate more than $1 one thousand million in annual revenues (PG Annual Report 2009).2. PG Change action 2005Change counselling is a word that is holdd in bloodline to mean the way strain to mean the way business is choose in order to. Change is a constant in some(prenominal) professional and r private lives. According to Dru ker (1999) salmagundis is generic. He further goes to bestow that, assortment leader sees change as hazard. A change leader looks for change, knows how to find the right changes and knows how to make them effective both inside and immaterial of organization. The basic principles of change management, and provides some tips on how those principles can be applied.When leaders or managers are planning to manage change, there are flipper key principles that ingest to be kept in mind as shown belowDifferent concourse react early(a)wise to changeE veryone has primordial makeChange often involves a breathing outManagement panoramaDeal Management FearDifferent people react differently to changeDifferent people ready different preferences for where they like to be on this spectrum. Some people like to be at the constancy end of the spectrum, they like things to be the way they grow always been. early(a) people like to be at the change end of the spectrum and they are alway s looking for something different and mod. A managers responsibilities need to be revise to account for what employees need most during tough economic epochs. In Procter Gamble workshop which aligned with what the organization had already learned in the circumstance of plant closures. We found the closures did much little damage whenManagers announced the fancy of closure and key milestones far in advance and also lucubrate how employees and members of the community would be affected.Managers fully explained to employees and the community the business reasons for the closure.Managers gave the employees affected the venture to find other personal credit lines deep down the company or admirer them with resources for finding a job outside the organisation.Managers expressed their human concern, both in public and privately, to affected employees and officials of the community.In this way, the key attri only whenes of predictability, understanding, control and compassion wer e demonstrated.Everyone has fundamental needsBy describing the landscape of unmet guest needs and analyzing where unfermented offering have worked before, you can chart a path that will produce booming innovations time after time Anthony (2006). Understanding customer needs and edifice lasting relationships are important in helping an organization present. Businesses infix through and through unmet customer needs. Customers express their needs that have not been met and organizations innovate to meet those needs. This is why PG is still leading the domestic product effort because, it listens to customers unmet needs and innovates aggressively to meet those needs. For instance, when babies were wearing cloths diapers, they were very leaky and bear on intensive to wash at that time, mothers needed an innovational product on the market to help fix the labor intensive part of airstream the cloth diapers as well as the leakage. PG answered this innovative c in completely by in troducing a revolutionary product called Pampers into the market. Change often involves a goingThe relevance of the loss curve to a change management programmed enumerates on the nature and extent of the loss. If individual is promoted to a more senior position, the loss of the former position is rarely an issue because it has been replaced by something better. But if someone is made prospect of getting a new job, there are many losses (income, security, and on the job(p) relationships) that can have a destroy effect.The aforementioned are the primary features of change and PG management has recognized that. Sometimes, what employees do not understand is the impact of change on their professional and family lives and it is the debt instrument of management to communicate this impact to employees both positive and banish hardly mostly, management overemphasizes on the positives and pays little attention on the negative impact. Kinicki (2007) mentionedmanagerial changes viewed as good and necessary can be seen by employees asintimidating and even terrifying. But when companies dont take this into account,and force changes that employees arent prepared to handle, those companies pretendalienating their workers, losing money and, in the end, seeing those smashing strategicalchanges fall flat. This is a communication strategy that PG has been triumphful in implementing corporeal wide. The company ensures that the length and breath of all its units understand the impact of any change mostly at the professional level. Management ensures that everyone involved is interested in the change butt. The more employees are interested in the change process the greater the success of the change or innovation. The most important gene here is motivation. Management ExpectationThe relationship between expectations and reality is very important. You can see this in customer relations if a supplier unwraps to meet expectations then the customer is unhappy if the s upplier exceeds expectations then the customer is happy.All aspects of the marketing process with modules for marketing strategy teaching and deployment, invention growth and testing, pricing strategy, package design, advertising development, media planning, direct marketing, interactive marketing, and advanced(a) new know-how and tools for Internet-enabled product development and testing, among others.Hunter Hastings, chairman and chief decision maker (formerly chief operating mogulr of Magnifi), who has an extensive background in brand marketing and corporate marketing services Dan Maurer, president and chief operating officer (formerly ecumenical manager of PG i-Ventures), who has extensive international marketing and management experience in PG European and U.S. operations Wade Miquelon, chief financial officer (formerly pay manager for PG e-commerce area, general partner for PG Internet venture fund and chief financial officer for its Thailand operations), who brings e xperience in MA, corporate treasury, new business development, and strategy development Pete Farner, vice president corporate development, (formerly Magnifi senior vice president gross sales and business development) who is an experienced and successful development executive in complete and start-up businesses.Deal Management FearIn times of significant change rational thought goes out of the window. This means that people often forethought the worst in fact, they fear far more than the worst, because their subconscious minds suddenly become illogical and see irrational consequences. ExampleOur company is reduction staff, which meansThey will make people redundant, and ailing be the premier(prenominal) to be kicked out, andIll have no hope of getting other job, andI practise be able to pay the mortgage, soIll lose the house, soMy family wont have anywhere to live, andMy wife wont be able to cope, soShell leave me, andIll be so disgraced the children wont speak to me ever ag ain.Such fears need to be addressed, e.g. by helping people to recognize that most people who are made redundant find a better job with better pay and have a huge lump unification in their pocket Or, where appropriate, by explaining how the reductions in staff numbers are going to be achieved (by natural wastage or voluntary redundancy).According to De Geus, these are the four key characteristics that best describe the company which can endure for very long periods in a changing world, because its managers who good at the management of change. The quartet provide the framework which enables a PG, or Coca-Cola, or GE to renew itself note how PG, kept wealthy by its button-down financing, was able to learn from its own mistakes when adapting to a new marketing environment, and to domesticize and improve its relationships with entities like the major store chains. In doing so, the sustained saturation of the corporate brand and assimilation was invaluable.3. Analysis of PG strate gic change?The lane to hell is paved with good intentions this is how we would describe the implementation of Jagers (CEO) strategic change. PG was in deep trouble in the first half of 2000. For the first time in the past eight years PG was showing a reduce in profits. In the late 1990s, PG faced the problem of stagnant revenues and profitability.In light of this the Organization 2005 program was launched in July 1999. As indicated in the topic responsibilities and Relationships were not optimised. Nevertheless It takes time for a restructure to become Effective, but it needed better implementation. With the implementation of the program, PG aimed to increase its global revenues from $38 billion to $70 billion by 2005. The Organization 2005 program faced some(prenominal) problems soon after its launch. Jager concentrated more on developing new products rather than on PG well-established brands. Jager conducted some mistakes which proved addressly for PG. For example, efforts m ade in January 2000 to acquire Warner-Lambert and American Home Products. Contrary to PG cautious approach towards acquisitions in the 1990, this dual acquisition would have been the largest ever in PG history, worth $ cxl billion. However, the stock market greeted the news of the merger negotiations by selling PG parcel outs, which prompted Jager to go past the deal. Therefore it will not be farfetched to conclude that the strategic change was welcomed and important to the corporate yet its implementation was not adequate.4. environmental Risk Analyses of Procter GambleCompanies and organizations essential assess, mitigate, and monitor certain take chances of exposures involved with their mundane operations. A specific area of risk that must be set is that on the local and global environment. Accidents, natural events, and deliberate assaults are all possible ways for an enterprise to cause pollution or other environmental risks. In order to limit, and hopefully prevent the se situations, environmental risk management places a strong emphasis on targeting the problems that could arise and implements a system of metrics that help with prevention.According to Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA), which Procter Gamble (PG) typically calls human and environmental safety assessments, for all products, is key to twist PG reputation as a good corporate citizen and maintaining a utmost level of public trust. This commitment stems from a long-held philosophical commitment that marketing safe products is a core business responsibility, both morally and in a business sense. Given these cheers, and the importance of ERA to PG future market access, the tool was well accepted by management and employees. Despite the companys success integrating ERA into core business practices, it still faces a number of practical gainsays. These include balancing the time and resources spent on abstruse ERA with the speed at which the company can bring new products to market, balancing a desire for public transparency with the potentially negative business consequences of releasing too much competitive information, and overcoming external perceptions associate to the use of risk assessment as a methodology to prise consumer products.Innovation is an extremely important driver for PG and drives the number of environmental risk assessments carried out by the company. As the company is continually developing innovative new products, PG submits more new substance notifications to the US Environmental vindication Agency, and its counterseparate around the world than most, if not all, other consumer product manufacturers. Thus, the company must conduct more risk assessments to support these new substance notifications than companies that use existing substances in the manufacture of products.PG feels its risk-based approach and tiered ERA feeds more comprehensive information into RD, which ensures products are safe, without unnecessarily delaying innovatio n and delivery of products to market. This in turn, reduces operating costs for the company. In this way, PG directs more of its resources toward product improvements and key product safety issues. This avoids investing in product development only to have that product sent back to the drawing board based on risk assessment results, or investing resources in unnecessary product testing that may have no real relevance to safety.5. effectuation of change organizational PGCountless change agents and other organizational interventionists fail to achieve desired results because they ignore or are unaware of the need to closely align change strategy with organizational personality. Durk I. Jager, former CEO of Procter Gamble Co., was clear about his goals when he took office in 1999 shore up up overseas operation and grow top brands. These measures would remedy sag sales and redeem PG image as the leading global marketer of consumer products. However, Jagers strategy for achieving the se goals was perceived as universe so abrasive, so conglomerate with PG personality, which his management team rebelled against him. He was forced to resign in less than two years. Alan G. Lafley, a longtime executive who understood and respected the companys culture, took office in 2000. Through a combination of wisdom, humility, personal engagement, and a wakeful alignment of change strategy to corporate personality, G. Lafley has turned PG into one of the great corporate success stories of the twenty-first century.According to PG Chief Information and spheric Services Officer, Filippo Passerini, the company envisioned itself fundamentally transforming the operation through the use of innovative technologies that will help the entire PG to work smarter, faster and more efficiently. In line with implementing a service-oriented architecture (SOA) system to improve entropy and files accessibility, PG adopted a new system the online workspace system.Online workspace systems are to build up an inventory of applications to deliver information for its global business units qualification them on tap(predicate) as services through the portal. This process allows employees and managers to reuse systems and codes from other parts of the business (purchasing, marketing, logistics, manufacturing, etc). This new system includes a security module to cling to information and a service platform to allow date from a variety of sources that could be accessed on demand. PG aims to improve and support decision devising while also increasing internal and external peoples access to acquaintance and information (Mari, 2008).There is no particular person who drives the change but the impetus for implementation of online workspace systems lies on the necessity to tap virtual working opportunities while also reducing workload due to web-based space and chargeback reports. PG realizes that to harbour smarter working practices, there is the need for a fully integrated web-ba sed facilities management environment. SOA underpins an online portal that will aggregate business information for PG 32, 000 managers. 6. Information engineering science in PGPG business managers commit to meeting profit goals, market share goals, and volume goals. PG trying to develop a mirror program in IT with equivalent measures. Instead of shares, PG have service levels instead of volume, they have value creation. It is very numerical, very measurable. Our scorecard is numbers. We even give our internal IT customers a sales booklet. Its a great identity builder. At the end of the year, you can say and show that you did it or you didnt do it. We have a business manager model indoors the company that really works, so IT is interest it.7. PG online StoreHow and where to distribute its products is one of the major decisions facing nearly all product marketers. Procter Gamble is dipping its toe into the online selling channel. While this is identified as only being a research l ab intended to help PG learn more about consumer buying behavior, it nevertheless has to be making some retailers wonder what is next. The site will launch in the jump off and is worth watching.8. PG E-NotebookProctor Gamble reinvent the process of invention within the company with an Electronic Lab Notebook system that went live within its research development organization at the end of February. Although online data tracking for researchers is not new, particularly within some specialties such as pharmaceuticals, PG challenge was to devise a system that encompasses the diversity of its research, which includes some drug development but also efforts to find a sudsier soap or a more absorbent diaper.9. ConclusionsAs a consumer goods manufacturer, PG seize every opportunity that came their way most especially in placing emphasis on the persona of technology is further brand building, innovations and process advancements. Expanding technical capacity diminish the duplication and inefficiency though IT is considered to be a cost. In optimizing the business, PG shift its culture from a technology-based to solutions-based company. The paradox though is on using IT systems and processes and arriving at the solutions. In realigning the PG approach, the company run as business whereby the changes is experienced on being a cost center where the focus is only on cost reduction to (cost, service levels, value creation and service management. Virtualization, personalization and real-time decision-making through corporate portal, ECM and online workspace systems are the main strategies.Strategic analysis has allowed us to understand the underlying objectives of change were much necessary on time. The death penalty of change is took time but PG took the competitive advantage which he has reward. The assumptions depend on the learning about the firm accounting practices, about its strategic choices and from the ratio analysis.

Against Abortion Essay -- Abortion Against Pro-Life Essays Argumentati

Against Abortion Why is it that by 21 days into the fetal development the pampers heart begins to rile, provided yet in most peoples eyes the baby is salve not technic completelyy alive That heart beat means nothing, it doesnt represent a human person whom God has created in his own image and has had a plan for that baby ever since the head start of time. To most people that statement isn?t allowing women and their families freedom of choice. And yet that baby isnt given any say in its freedom to live. This paper get out give many supporting statistics towards the right to conduct, I am pro- life history.* il percent of pregnancies among American women argon unint differenceed, halfof these are terminated by an abortion. Each year, two out of all integrity hundred womenaged fifteen- forty-four have an abortion, forty-eight percent of them have had at leastone previous abortion and sixty-one percent have had a previous birth. This means thatthese women understand the joy of a baby be born, and still choose to take away theirprivilege to live. They?ve carried this children before and get it on the happiness of seeingtheir own healthy child in their harness for the first time. Why then, when they know theyare creating new life inside of them, choose to deprive their child the right to live andexperience everything life has to offer. They willingly decide to kill that child, certainly for their own benefit.Each year, an estimated 46 million abortions occur worldwide. Of these,twenty million procedures are obtained illegally.* Why are there stories on the newseveryday of people being hit and mistreated and the culprit being sent to jail ofpunished in rough way for the crime they?ve committed. Yet I presume?t think I?ve ever heardon the news of a women being sent to jail for the murder of her unborn baby. It?s stillillegal, it?s the murder of a child, they are given no freedom, and the go goesunpunished. *On average, women give at least three reasons for choosing abortion 3/4say that having a baby would interfere with work, school or other responsibilities about2/3 say they can?t afford a child and 1/2 say they don?t want to be a single parent or are having problems with their husband or partner. A baby would interfere with their?responsibilities?, one of the biggest responsibilities as a sexually active person is to use c... ...like to net a difference too, but the Supreme Court won?t allow him to. Partial-birth abortionis banned in certain states in the get together States, its a horrible image to put in manyones head. However, some of the pictures Ive seen actually make people wonder how someone could destroy human life like that. Abortion all together should be banned, but some people are more pro-choice than pro-life. Senator John Kerry is pro-choice, if he is pick out president there is virtually no hope in the end of abortion, and Roe v. Wade. President Bush is at least attempting to change the law, but is constantly being stuckdown. John Kerry will do nothing in our country to stop the murder of unborn children. His concern is in Iraq, where a few people are dying each day, while every third babyconceived in America is killed by an abortion. Kerry wants to raise taxes for the wealthy, I wonder how they would feel about this tax raise knowing that some of it could be contributing to the murder of an unborn child. If Kerry wins the election basically all hope of ending abortion is crushed for another four years. Our touch on won?t be on the Supreme Court, it will be on our pro-choice President.

College Admissions Essay: Woman of the Year -- College Admissions Essa

Woman of the Year   You halt exactly been named the 2015 Man/Woman of the Year. For what achievement are you being honored, and how did your college schooling facilitate you reach your goal?   I sprint up the steps to my stale apartment, taking them two at time. Ive had a long twenty-four hour period at work and I need to jump into the shower out front I meet a guest for a dinner date. I bodge for the key with my right hand. When the stubborn door finally opens, I vanish into the apartment and kick the door closed behind me. I secure the play button on my answering machine composition getting ready to take a shower. The first message is from my client proverb he will be a little late. Good. tenner purposeless minutes. The second message is the chairman of the Person of the Year skirmish obese me that I had been... College Admissions Essay Woman of the Year -- College Admissions Essa Woman of the Year   You have just been named the 2015 Man/Woman of the Year. For what achievement are you being honored, and how did your college education help you reach your goal?   I sprint up the stairs to my shabby apartment, taking them two at time. Ive had a long day at work and I need to jump into the shower before I meet a client for a dinner date. I fumble for the key with my right hand. When the stubborn door finally opens, I fly into the apartment and kick the door closed behind me. I punch the play button on my answering machine while getting ready to take a shower. The first message is from my client saying he will be a little late. Good. Ten extra minutes. The second message is the chairman of the Person of the Year contest telling me that I had been...

The Future of Education :: essays papers

The Future of EducationThe future of fostering is very promising to younger generations. From Kindergarten though college many changes are brewing. On the survey are things like smart objects, full-length online courses, and prosthetic devices designed to get back education.Online courses soon pass on prevail over the traditional high groom and college education. Online Universities will create classes sponsored by companies. These companies will direct the universities on the materials of the course. The federation will then offer those who pass the course a job. This will created a skilled worked specifically for a position in a company. Teachers will take a backseat in these courses. Teachers will offer person-to-person help and help people work collaboratively. These teachers will be much of a guide then a true classroom teacher. as well on the horizon are smart objects. These objects are geared to a greater extent to small small fryren then those in high sch ool or college. Objects with animations such(prenominal) as building blocks that can talk and light up to indicate to a tike how to stack them correctly. Objects that will test a barbarians spelling and reading skills. Smart books and tools that require a child to listen and react. Another development is in the area of prosthetics. These new prosthetics are uses to occupy education equal for all children. They have recently real an implant for children with hearing disabilities. Microelectronic lenses are being designed right off for those with reading and sight problems. No longer will a child be left behind because or his or her disability. All education for children with be as equal as possible. As you can run across the future for the education world is bright. There are many developments to make education more efficient, simpler, and equal for all from

Thank God its Friday :: essays papers

Thank God its Friday The movie Friday is a comedy, scarcely it also depicts many important social issues. The story is set in the city of Los Angeles, California, in what could be c eithered a high-class ghetto. The main stand of the movie is about a young black man who loses his short letter and is influenced by his best friend to smoke marijuana. The movie also shows the relationships of his family and new(prenominal) members of his neighborhood. With a zany cast of characters and a hilarious script, the movie touches on everything from gang violence to the substance abuse of drugs, crime, guns, relationships, sex and life in the ghetto. Because of all these issues, I found this an interesting movie with a wide mannikin of topics to address.Marijuana has been around for a long time. Its use is once once again becoming popular. Although its not legal, many people use it socially and for healthful purposes. The Hollywood elite smokes it. Musicians such as Dr. Dre and th e Black Crows celebrate its use. television receiver shows like Saturday Night Live and Kids in the Hall depict it as harmless fun. In the movie Friday, rap star Ice closure plays the character Craig. Craig has never smoked marijuana. However, his best friend Smokey smokes marijuana everyday. Craig looses his job, deviation him home all day with nothing to do to occupy his time. He vertical hangs out in the neighborhood with his friends. Smokey tries to convince Craig to try slightly marijuana. At first Craig doesnt want to. Smokey is persistent. He points out to Craig that he doesnt affirm to work and he doesnt have anything better to. Craig and Smokey eventually sit on the front porch and get stoned. Peer pressure is obviously the only modestness Craig gives in. Actually he had other options, but he chose not to use them. Common sense and a simple explanation would have worked for Craig just fine. Everyday we are faced with choices. It is up to us to decide whats safe and wrong. Craig decides to try it and things start to happen that he really doesnt like. Craig and Smokey get into more or less trouble with the neighborhood dealer, Big Worm. Smokey sells pot for him, but cant pay him the coin he owes because he and Craig smoked the pot.

Ignorance and Air Power: The Failure of U. S. Leadership to Properly U

Ignorance and Air Power The Failure of U. S. Leadership to Properly hire Air Power in VietnamMajor Ted Tolmans F-105 Thud supporter/bomber streaked through the air at just under(a) the speed of sound. His aircraft performed modestly at best, struggling to maintain its speed and height under the heavy load of ordinance and fuel it carried under its move (Patrick).Tolman, and his wingman Major Lonnie Ferguson, were en route to a rail line that served to give way supplies from Cam Pha Harbor to enemy troops throughout newton Vietnam. The harbor itself was saved from good time by orders coming directly from Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, meat the only way to neutralize supplies coming through the harbor was to attack the distribution network that surrounded it (Patrick).As he flew low approximative the harbor, puffs of flack began to appear, and Tolman soon found himself under heavy attack from North Vietnamese ground based anti-aircraft artillery (AAA). He hesitated a moment, thence decided that he did not want to become a prisoner in the infamous Hanoi Hilton. Tolman depressed his rudder pedal and rapidly swung his F-105 around, pointing the cuddle at the AAA emplacement and releasing a burst of 20mm hit fire. In doing so, he made the biggest mistake of his career (Patrick).As he swung his fighter around, Tolman inadvertently passed his gun sight directly across the Soviet cargo ship Turkestan as it traversed towards its intended target. Designed to provide a record of the action, the gun camera mounted in the nose of Tolmans F-105 caught an image of the Soviet ship, inside the Cam Pha Harbor sanctuary, directly centered in his sights (Patrick).There was nothing that suggested any of the rounds Tol... ... Diss. United States Air Force dictation Staff College, 1995.McNamara, Robert S. and Brian VanDeMark. In Retrospect. New York Vintage Books, 1995.Operation Rolling Thunder. troops Analysis Network. 1998. Federation of American Scientists. 20 Dec. 2003.Patrick, Joe. Testing the Rules of Engagement. Vietnam Memoirs. 2003. 80th virtuoso Squadron. 13 Nov. 2003.Rendall, Ivan. Rolling Thunder. New York The Free Press, 1997.Robert S. McNamara. Secretaries of Defense. Defenselink. 20 Dec. 2003.United States joystick Chiefs of Staff. Memorandum to CINPAC, Definitive Rules of Engagement Applying to Laos. Washington DoD, 1964.