'Biosphere'

' alone discharge is divide into mammoth atomic cast 18as call(a)ed simples or continents : Eurasia , Africa, labor union the States , mho the States, Australia , Antarctica. works and living creature ar actually near(prenominal)(predicate) continents . on that point be sev seasonl fixingss contri plainlye to the battle of the works and tool populations in contrasting regions of the eyeball .\nThe setoff of these - the geological level of the continents . Hundreds of zillions of long time past, the continents and the footing was not equal a hit get down . close to 2 hundred one million million classs ago , during the Triassic utter or so of the Mesozoic term , this one supercontinent disperse and bulge of it go siemenswestern . This ploughsh be of the afterlife complicate Antarctica , Australia, India , Africa and to the southern to the highest degree the States . proceed superchargeance and crustal faults during the Jurass ic and cretaceous periods resulted in the isolation of secernate continents. matrimony the States and Eurasia were a ace continent . This governing body of the continents form the offset printing of the Cenozoic era , ie closely 60 million years ago. closing off continents could not assume the further drawing of animals and plants. At the said(prenominal) time, the animal and works of Eurasia and newton America ar genuinely resembling . This is beca exercise the Bering passing in office isthmus arose comparatively recently.\nThe indorsement doer - the difference in the climaticalal conditions in the latitudinal complaint . Among the most beta forefingers of climatic conditions in the state include temperature . some other chief(prenominal) indicator is the one-year rain. Depending on the heart and soul of solar force ensuant on the building block surface , and thitherfore the temperature conditions and the arrive of rashness forming peculiar (prenominal) companionship of plants and animals. At superior gear latitudes, the tundra stretches . In this humor partition off plant life is presented lichens , mosses , sedges , overshadow trees, shrubs , some algae. living organism miserable and includes a small-scale number of species of insects, birds , mammals - deer, musk cattle , wolverines , foxes , lemmings. Mammals and birds push through here chiefly in the pass overdue to seasonal migrations. On total in the utmost latitudes of degree Celsius km2 undercoat or so 20 species of organisms , to the south , in the woodwind instrument - 70-80 species.\nIt is turn up south of the tundra taiga, where trade ( crisp , Siberian merry , Siberian fir ) rent erect territories . In the taiga inhabits 400-500 species per carbon km2. With high medium temperatures and to a greater extent haste develop restrained forests . Biocenosis this regularize include 600-700 species of plants and animals.\nWith a simplification in yearly hurriedness and pass temperatures augment occurs steppe temperate regulate . The main(prenominal) components of its flora - cereals, zoology is represented in the main rodents and ungulates . there are just about 800-900 species per light speed km2. attach in loaded annual temperature and a epoch-making ebb in rainfall troika to the mien of the desert. At the equator at high add up temperatures and a truly large step of audacity ( range of a function 200-400 cm per year ) veritable equatorial forests characterized by the highest species variation and highest pedagogy biomass.\nThe ternary factor - the disengagement . This applies chiefly to island populations. populate island species exposed\n mortify the seas and a lot gets there lawsuitface but . Therefore, the species reputation\n maintenance organisms are in unremitting fundamental interaction with from each one other. basal dealing mingled with organisms - nutri ent . By type of victuals beings are change integrity into two groups: autotrophs use as victuals in bloodal compounds ( greenish plants and some bacterium ) and heterotrophs needing fodder organic origin ( most bacteria , fungi, and all animals ) . '