Evolution and Human Beings Essay

Allama Muhammad Iqbal is one of the most keen poet-philosophers of the Indian sub-continent belonging to the modern period. His intellectual genius has reigned supreme in the arena of Islamic philosophy during the twentieth century and is likely to identify and influence the Islamic Intellectual tradition in the twenty start-off century as well. His sublime poetry and philosophy inspired millions of Muslims to wake up up to the rattlingity of the times and forge a destiny for themselves. Iqbal explained organic maturation on the alkali of his religious knowledge as well as his experiences in the western association. One of the facets of Iqbals genius is the fluidity with which he displays his in-depth knowledge and critical analysis of both Islamic and Western philosophies, theories and models. He compared the Quranic concepts of organic evolution with the western ones. Then, he gave his own concept of evolution.Allama Iqbals fancys of phylogenesisAllama Iqbal is against the concept of a fixed and static beingness. He consistently upholds that cosmea reveals it egotism in constant change. If there is anything which is constant, it is the change itself. According to him, divinity fudges imaginative activity is ever-continuing and He is constantly sustaining this universe. theology is non and the cause entirely also the reason of the universe. He believed that the Ultimate self was Allah, who, though transcendent in His essence, was intimately connected to hu valet de chambre raceity beings beings through His amr. For Iqbal amr stood for the creative cause and will of God. He gave the concept of egos. At the last level egos are unconscious, in the high order of being, they amaze conscious. egos hand utmost consciousness and fin altogethery become self-consciousness in hu globe beings, the highest being in nature and the vicegerent of God.Man is the only being awarded with clean freedom and responsibility. Using his freedom of choi ce with responsibility, humans approach scalelike and closer the excellence that is divine. Being conscious of ones real self i.e self realization is the goal of moral actions. Self, according to him, is of deuce kinds. The efficient self which actually operates and has dealings with others in spatio-temporal world. The appreciative self which is the real I-amness and is divine in nature.It is the self which has to be recognized to perplex a new and different perspective about the world. The exceptt against of evolution and self-realization is not aimless. Iqbal believes that it is purely purposive in nature. However, there is no pre-determined single purpose towards which evolution moves. Rather, fresh goals ever continue to be created during the evolutionary course. Obedience, self-discipline and vicegernce of God are three degrees of development of self in man by passing through which he affect the pattern of a perfect manhood.AnalysisThis opening explains evolution in a v ery unique sort. Being a muslim, i note no fault in this theory as it explains eitherthing very distinctly and its evidence kindle also be found in the Quranic verses. The way he has explained everything in the islamic context makes it very difficult to run afoul with this theory. Following is the elaboration and analysis of this evolutionary theory on the origination of Iqbals explanation, in my own dustup.Concept of ChangeAs he was of the survey that the universe is not static, this is true. We offer also find it in the verses of Surah Yaseen. God has talked about the way sun, moon, stars and all the planets keep moving all day and night long. Physicists have also proved that things which appear to be solid and motionless are also in constant relegate of motion. Their particles also vibrate in a specific manner but we can not sense or feel it. Evolution itself is a go which denotes change. There are hundreds and millions of processes which are occurring in the universe in a continuous manner. So, Iqbals idea of an ever-changing universe is true.Concept of EvolutionHis answer to the question how did man commencement emerge? is he arose through evolution. For this purpose, we can quote the following verses of Quran Does not man bear in mind that we made him at first base when he was naught? (1967) Yet we are not thereby hindered from replacing you with others your likes or from producing you in a form which ye knew not Ye have known the first creation, will you not reflect (5660-62). He explained his answer on the basis of above mentioned verses. Iqbal claims that, this suggestive argument embodied in the last verses of the devil passages quoted above did in fact open a new view to Muslim philosophers.It was Jahiz who first hinted at the changes in animal breeding cover migrations and environment generally. The association known as the Brethren Of Purity further amplified the views of Jahiz Ibu Miskawaih, however, was the first Muslim thinker to give a clear and in umpteen respects thoroughly modern theory of the origin of man. In this context, we can say that Darwin said nothing new as the concept of evolution was already present in Islam from the very beginning.TawheedIqbal is not in the choose of deism according to which God became un touched in this universe later on creating it and now it is operating on its own. This is not possible and in conformism with the rules of nature. God is continuously in contact with the universe and is governing every bit and part of it. Being a muslim he added the concept of Tawheed, oneness of God in the theory of evolution. He believed that the concept of tawhid contained within it the unity of the spirit and affair, body and soulfulness, the individual and society.The Ego (Khudi)According to this theory of creative evolution, the Ultimate Ego manifests itself, from the lowest forms of matter to the highest evolutionary form i.e. the spiritually most advanced human personality . God is the supreme ego from which only egos are produced. In Iqbals words, thus the evolution of life shows that, though in the beginning the mental is prevail by the physical, the mental as it grows in power, tends to dominate the physical and whitethorn til nowtually rise to a position of complete independence. What Iqbal means by this is that the process of creative evolution involves a lingering growth of the human individualism or ego (khudi). Iqbal utilise the word khudi to denote the ego, the individuality of a person or the self. He described khudi as follows- metaphysically the word khudi (self-hood) is used in the sense of that indescribable feeling of I which forms the basis of the uniqueness of each individual.Ethically the word khudi means (as used by me) self-reliance, self-respect, self-confidence, self-preservation, self-assertion when such a thing is necessary, in the interest of life and power to stick to the cause of truth, justice, duty etc. even in the f ace of death. Such behaviour is moral in my opinion because it helps in the integration of the forces of the Ego, thus hardening it, as against the forces of disintegration and dissolution, a great deal the metaphysical ego is the bearer of two main rights that is the right to life and freedom as determined by Divine Law. Iqbal believed in the slow rising note of khudi or self-hood in the universe through the process of creative evolution till it constitutees its highest potential in human beings. The universe according to Iqbal is the spatio-temporal order, where egos of varying levels dwell, interact and take part in the process of continuous change and continuous evolution. Iqbals concept of heaven and nuthouse is deeply connected to his concept of khudi.Hell is basically a disintegration and dissolution of the self or ego whereas heaven is a resign where the personality has reached a heightened sense of self-awareness, self-consciousness and distinction. Hell is nothingness, an annihilation of the self. nirvana is the opposite of nothingness. It is to be real, an important, integral part of the Greater Reality. Iqbal quotes the Quran to congest his concept of Khudi, the creative will and power inherent in human beings- And they ask thee of the soul. Say the soul proceedeth from my Lords amr ( notional Will and Power) but of knowledge only a little is given to you. (1785)It is this nature of the soul that makes human beings distinct and the chosen ones from the rest of creation. Iqbal translates and interprets the word amr as the Directive, Creative Will and Power of God. He believes that human beings can share in the creative activity of God by using their own God given creative will and power. Iqbal is an advocate of the freedom of the human personality. He quotes the Quran to substantiate his views By the soul and He who has balanced it, and has shown to it the ways of abhorrence and piety, blessed is he who has made it grow and undone is he who h as debased it. (917-10)The ego grows from a position of hardly having any freedom from cancel laws and natural appetites, to the position where the ego, through the use of its creative will and power, becomes to a greater extent and more powerful, free, dynamic and independent. Iqbal says, The unceasing reward of man consists in his gradual growth in self-possession, in uniqueness, and intensity of his activity as an ego. He says, The fact that the high emerges out of the lower does not rob the higher of its worth and dignity. It is not the origin of a thing that matters, it is the capacity, the significance, and the final reach of he emergent that matters.It by no means follows that the emergent can be resolved into what has conditioned its birth and growth. In fact the ideal of the evolutionary growth of the human personality is presented by Iqbal through the words of the Quran referring to the Prophets (PBUH) vision of the Ultimate Ego i.e. Allah at the nocturnal journey called the miraaj His eye turned not aside, nor did it betray (Quran 5317) When Prophet Moses came into contact with Gods Light, he could not sustain the impact. He lost consciousness due to the overwhelming egress of, in Iqbals words, the Ultimate Ego. But the emergence of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) gave idol to human personality or ego in the evolutionary scale. tell apart or IshqIqbal believed that behind the process of evolution is the vital impulse of ishq or love which is metaphysical in nature and which makes life grow towards higher evolutionary goals.Goal of EvolutionUnlike Bergson, Iqbal believed that evolution has a goal. In fact, the evolution or dissolution of life is dependent on how utmost the individual chooses to use his or her creative will and power. The perfect man of Iqbals conception is mujahid who is ready and willing to face the problems of life, culture and society as he is to face the problems of after-life, spiritual welfare and death. The theory of creative ev olution as envisaged by Iqbal harnesses human creative potential chthonic the spiritual discipline of religion as the instrument with which human beings become co-workers with God, effecting the destiny of the universe. In my point of view, it is a very comprehensive theory and I totally support it. I would like to end this logical argument in Iqbals words. In the Javid Nama God addresses human beings in this inhalation call Life is both mortal and immortal, it is all creativity and fanaticism Art thou a bear?Be eager, be creative want us encompass the whole universeShatter into pieces what is uncongenial.Bring forrad another world out of thy imaginationIt is irksome to the man who is free, to live in a world of anothers making. He who lacks the power of creation is naught to us but an atheist and anagnostic He has not taken his share of our Beauty.He has not eaten the fruit of the steer of life.Man of truth Be sharp and incisive like the mark and forge the destiny of they ow n world

Prognosis by Morris West Essay

1) Judeo-Christian EthicsWhen hoi polloi call the States a Christian nation, theyre referring to the Judeo-Christian morals that shaped our country. Our strong grit of right and wrong kept corruption to a minimum, our Protestant induce ethic caused the Statesns to be productive, and our belief in rights given by God, not political relation shaped our national philosophy. Respect for Christian values is a part of the fabric of our country that goes right back to our founding. Even if many people wouldnt realize it until it is too late, an America where Christianity isnt an serious part of everyday life would no longer be America in any meaningful sense.2) A Powerful Military in that locations a lot to be said for soft power, more thanover it pales in comparison to raw military might. The United States was not evermore a great military power, but once the Civil fight was over, we started to assert ourselves. Since WWII, weve had the finest military on Planet Earth. That one doer does more to insure our freedom and the safety of our allies than every other incidentor have. As Reagan said, History teaches that war begins when governments believe the price of aggression is cheap. At least for now, no nation could be so foolish as to believe that a potential fight with the United States would be cheap.3) westward Culture If the entire population of Venezuela, Iran, or South Africa were here in the United States and all of us were gone, this country would quickly turn into a pesthole, just like all of those nations because theyre culturally inferior to us. On the other hand, Western culture has produced ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, Britain, the United States and a host of lesser nations that are still more successful than 90% of the planet. The emphasis in Western culture on somebodyism, innovation, Christianity, capitalism, science, technology, freedom and individual rights has given us an enormous advantage that we are sadly wearing away(predica te) with our foolish embrace of multi-culturalism.4) Geography We cant underestimate the impressiveness of being a large, resource-rich nation thats isolated from powerful foes. Had Britain been well closer, its possible that we may nominate been unable to break away and take control of our declare destiny. If we had powerful adversaries to our North and South, we may have had great difficulties when our nation was young and we were just finding our strength. If we had been closer to Europe, our motherland might have been decimated during WWI and WWII. If God had given us first selection of places tofound a nation, this is where we would have ended up.5) Industrial Capacity Economically, America managed to take full advantage of the Industrial Revolution and roughly people still dont realize how important our ability to drudge out material was to winning WWII. Just to give youone of many examples, By 1944 America built 96,300 planes, more planes than were possessed by the Axis combined and this does not include British and Soviet production. The Germans built 40,000 war planes in 1944, but the arrival of P51 Mustangs in the skies over Germany resulted in the destruction of the Luftwaffe. And American production was 75 percent combat aircraft..This was the peak of production, an incredible 11 planes an hour were rolling out of American aircraft plants. We lack this capacity at once and make up for our inability to mass produce weaponry by creating high quality war machines. This is a potentially dangerous transcription because if a large chunk of our superior weaponry were ever ruined somehow, it would take us an inordinately long time to rebuild it.6) A Merit-Based Society Americas lack of an aristocracy, tribes, and castes helped allow the cream to farm to the top in our society. Although we certainly werent perfect in this realize as any slave or woman throughout most of our history could tell you, we were well ahead of much of the rest of the worl d. The fact that were still regarded by the rest of the world as a land of opportunity is one of our greatest strengths, although our antiquated immigration system does little to take advantage of this fact. The more we penalize success as a society, the more stratified, stagnant and sterile well become as a country.7) A Constitution That Limited Centralized Government Nothing could be more fundamentally American than a deep and abiding doubt of government. Thats why the Constitution was specifically designed to keep our own government from oppressing the people. This contributed mightily to our success because the bigger and more powerful the government becomes, the smaller, weaker and poorer the people become. Our Founding Fathers understood this and were fanatical about small, decentralized government. The elevate we move from that principle, the more economic stagnation, frightening levels of debt, and potentially dangerous monocracy well see from our own.

Huntington Theory †Military Professional Essay

Scholars like Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington and Barnett constitute postulated various theories on troops service. Samuel P Huntington is one of the scholars who have postulated theories of soldiery service. His possibility is excessively referred to as the normal theory. This paper seeks to show how Huntingtons theory impacts on ones future in soldiery service. Discussion Owen M (2010) gives credit to Samuel Huntington for his role in developing the normal theory.Owen points out that through and through this theory Huntington endeavored to solve the dilemma of how to guarantee civilian go out of the military while still ensuring the ability of the uniformed military to provide security. Huntington cited in Owen (2010) says the solution to this dilemma lies in a mechanism for creating and maintaining a professional, unpolitical military establishment, which he called objective control. In this regard, Huntington cited in Williams (1995), says the community should have control ov er the military and army professionals should be denied some of the privileges enjoyed by civilians like political affiliations. Politics is a game of numbers, in my view, this whitethorn disadvantage military officers who harbour ambitious of venturing in politics because they ar denied involvement in political parties affairs. This impacts negatively on their popularity with the voters.However, there atomic number 18 those candidates such(prenominal) as 2008 republican candidate John McCain who used their view in the military as a campaign tool to endear themselves to the voters. In my view, professional and experienced military officers make better commanding officer in chief of the armed labors. Additionally, Idsa (2010) concurs with Huntington that one elbow room of achieving civilian control of the military is by ensuring that the funding of the military is left in the men of the civilian institutions.Idsa points out that civilian institutions should allow the military to advise them on military matters but ultimately the military should only executive those decisions authorise by the civilian institutions. In my view this may endanger the lives of military officers. Due to soaring budgetary needs of a country, military equipment mandatory in times of war may be sacrificed to meet other(a) needs in another sector of the economy. Huntington theory goes along way in developing responsible and knowledgeable persons.As Idsa (2010) points out military professionals should present their considerations within the appropriate channel of authority and communication. To effectively endure out his/her duties, Huntington as cited in Williams (1995) states that an army officer mustiness be highly expertise, cooperative and responsible in his profession. He meant that an officer must be well knowledgeable in combating violence. Williams (1995) while says that after educate the officers should only work with three words duty, honor, country. As a result, Huntington envisaged a military force free of corruption.The officer is expected to be different from other skilled workers in that money should not play any(prenominal) part enticing one to join the forces. However, the army professional should be well rewarded so as to promote hiring, maintain the officers in the force and boost their morale. Williams (1995) says that Huntington argued that a well skilled army professional should be willing to observe the legal requirements made by citizen organizations recognized by law. In addition, the officers should accept to act as subordinates to individuals as required by legalized community organizations.The military officers are expected to hold a high opinion of their career and should not cause civil unrest or run the government. Since the army professionals are recruited with certain levels of qualification, and by the virtue that they pass away in the same profession and hold same competencies, the officers tend to process coope rativeness. This supports the statement of Huntington as quoted by Williams (1995) that the members of a profession share a sense of organic unity and consciousness of themselves as a company apart from laymen. . This attribute is fostered by their common training which take kinda a long duration, collective discipline and sharing of their societal tasks (Williams, 1995). expiration In view of the above statements, Huntington theory helps in creating and maintaining cordial dealing between the civilians and the military officers. A professional force envisaged in this theory will go along in ensuring peaceful co-existence helps fight vices such as corruption and military coups.

Educational Opportunities for Class 10th Students Essay

1. 0 Introduction As soon as a modern child comes out of school finds self at cross roads. He is confronted with the problem of choosing locomote whether in Engneering, Medical, Non medical, paramedical, vocational, Humanities. This unit will provide you over totally view of genteelnessal opportunities after tenth & 12th timeworn , Internship, Apprenticeship to surpass in professional front. You will also mystify familiar with scholarships- same(p) NTS,KVPY,UGC & others available at respective(a) st develops of education for meritorious students. This unit helps you to experience websites that gives information regarding higher education , entrance examinations.Objectives After reading this faculty the teacher will able to Make the students aware about the carry of educational planning. Explain the students about various educational opportunities after 10th & +2 education. Help students in exploring various sources of higher education & Scholarships. slipway of diss eminating the educational information to students 1. 1 Needs For souring upal Planning India is distress from massive shortage of skilled manpower- This was the News headline of a leading topic Daily in July 2011. It is the matter of quality & non quantity of Manpower. As on today, the population of India is 1.21 billion and fractional of the population is be abject 18 historic period of age. And responsibility lies with policy makers, administrators, educators, public life counselors, teachers,& parents to channelize the energy of these youths & convert them into skilled human resource And it is the Education that determines the level of prosperity, Welfare & security of its citizens. Combined efforts of educators, teachers, flight counselors and of course parents to bring awareness among students in an effort to make most realistic plectrum of courses of higher education depending upon his/her interest, aptitude, ability & financial background.1. 2 Educational opportunit ies after10th standard- Generally . We know that you are already aware about the triple streams that you bath choose from after social class 10 knowledge, Humanities and work here you get hold of to go after your education for 2 years to become worthy for your graduation level academics.. erudition Arts Commerce Includes culture ofsubjects wish well Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Biology Includes study of subjects like Geography, Philosophy, History, Sociology, and Political Science Includes study of subjects like Accounting, Tax, Business stintings and Finance.You need to have steady-going grades in Class 10 and equally good marks in Mathematics to secure a seat in 10+2 Average grades in Class 10 brush aside help you look to admission in the Humanities stream in 10+2 Need good grades after Class 10 and also in Class 12 to pursue higher education in affair Appear for competitive exams and start a professional rush like engine room or medicine Less scope of joi ning a professional career and have to pursue a Bachelors degree.However, one so-and-so always a vocational course or pursue his or her interests simultaneously Start a professional career byregistering for CA foundation course You can make a shift to other streams Commerce or Arts after Class 12 You cannot make a shift to other streams like Science or Commerce after Class 12 You cannot appear for engineer or medical streams or change to perceptionstream after Class 12. However, you can shift to Arts after Class 12. One can pursue 3 years parchment course either in engineering or Non engineering stream. Nearly on that point are 190 diploma courses. From Aviation, automobile, biomedical ,ceramic technology, dress making,to textile engineering, web designing,X-ray technician.( From A.. Z) Those who cant afford expensive training and who cant get rule to pursue higher education and those who are having inclination towards technical education & most important those who want to ear n at an early age can opt for Industrial Training Institute. ITIs . Earlier in that location were traditional courses like Fitter, Welder, Turner but in the present scenario there is immense demand for trades like-COE ( Center of Excellence),Laser technology, hospital mangament, retail management.After complete basic ITI one can opt-advance training course (CTS/POT) & become eligible to work as an instructor in Govt ITI. Even one can opt for JOC- Job Oriented Course after that he/she can start self-employment. 1. 3 Educational opportunities after 12th standard-For science stream students they pursue career in Engineering, Medicine/Medical, paramedical, Health care, cultivation Science, Veterinary science, Genetics, Forensic Science, Fishery, Dairy Technology, Oceanography, Biological Science, Meteorology, Bioinformatics, speech Therapists, Space Technology, Nanotechnology & so many specialized fields.Even students choose R& D-Research and Development of the come to field.For Ca reers in Humanities-there are Anthropology, Archeology, Geography, Fine Arts, Journalism, Library Science, Psychology, Psephology, Research Assistant, Sociology, Teaching at all level-nursary, primary secondary, senior secondary, & even+2 students .Career in NGO.Careers in Commerce- Accounting, Banking, Economics, CA,CS,ICWA, Stock Broking, Mathematics & StatasticsCareers in Designing-Gemology, Interior, Fashion, Jewellary Designing & Visual Merchandising. Careers in counselling- Management comes every where-From Business to sales to HR to Rural , Event management, IT Management, Logostics to trade ManegementCareers in Defense Service- Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, By appearing NDA & NA Entrance Exam conducted by UPSC, Coast Guards, Corps Of Engineer, Paramilitary Services.Careers in Mass Communication- Advertising, Disc Jocky, Radio Jocky, Video Jocky, Public Relation, Video Editing, create & Printing.Even after pursuing their graduation students can opt career in Civil Services -Competitive Exams conducted by Union Public Service CommisionCompetitive Exams conducted by State Public Service CommisionCompetitive Exams conducted by Staff Selection CommisionIndian Economic/Stastical Service ExaminationIndian Geologist Service ExaminationCombined Defence Service ExaminationExams conducted by Indian RailwaysBanking Exams- both clerical & Officer Cadre. COMMON WRITTEN EXAMS- Conducted by IBPS- Institite Of Banking & Personal Selection.1. 4 NIOS-National Institute for generate Schooling It provides elementary education at 3 levels for school drop outs, neoliterates,& out of school learners through Accredited Agencies. Open schooling and basic education at a distance have got established, in the last two decades, as strong systemic intervention mechanisms to cater to the quality educational needs of millions of deprived people, with very low cost.Secondary Level-Children below 14 years of age & Adults above 14 years of age.Higher Secondary Level.Vocational course s. 1.5 Scholarships opportunities For Students Scholarships are available for meritorious students & to those who belong to economically weaker section. Even Scholarships are available for scheduled caste & scheduled Tribes & different Back word community students. Prime Ministers 15 point program provides better facilities,& free coaching for higher studies for nonage community students. Scholarships are available at various levels of education at secondary level, under graduates, post graduates, post doctoral research.NTS- National talents Search Scholarship.(For 10th onwords) till your graduation & onKVPY-Kishore Vaignanik Protsahan Yojana (For 11th & 12th Students) & onwordsPost matriculation Scholarship for OBCsPost Matric Scholarship for studies in Hindi from Non Hindi speaking States.PG scholarships for professional courses for SC & ST studentsPG Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme for single girl child.Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship For SC/ST StudentsJRF & SRFPost doctora l Fellowship For Women CandidatesDr. S Radhakrishnan Post Doctoral Fellowship 1. 6 Sources Of Educational opportunities- News paper supplement of all Leading news papers like, The Hindu, Deccan.Herald, The Times Of India, Indian Express & even regional news papers carry updated information in the authentic trends in education & higher studies every week. Surfing to Internet- at various social sites, Reading the Blogs written by well known educators & career counselors. Emplyment News in English & Rojgar Samachar in Hindi By consider channels like-EDusat, Gynan Darshan, UGC,IGNOU Channels broadcasting educational updates, IGNOUs Audio moving-picture show catalogue University Career Bulletin Local District drill Exchange. University Employment Information & Guidance Bureau. at the jurisdiction of concerned University. District key Library 1. 7 Address of Websites related to higher education, Apprenticeship, Internships & training www. ignou. ac. in www. education. nic. in www. ncert. nic. in www. employmentnews. gov. in www. aiuweb. org www. dget. nic. in www. ugc. ac. in www. aicte. ernet. in www. iamrindia. com www. davp. nic. in www. upsc. gov. in www. nbtindia. org. in www. webindia123. com www. career360. com WWW. shiksha. com www. meritnation. com www. upsc. gov. in www. careers. icbse. com www. indiastudychannel. com www. goiit. com www. highereducationinindia. com www. indiaeducation. net Tanuja Rampure, Shimoga (Karnataka), India.

Teens and Sex Education

pueriles and Sex Education Home >>Teen Sexuality pic picpicpicpicpicpic Teen finish educational activity, or jejune coiffe alive ed, is important for sponsoring teens to understand the changes in their bodies and in their relationships during the teenage years.Sex education helps teens wanton away healthy choices approximately relationships and sex. Sex education for teens should start well ahead the teenage years. Starting early, p arnts should nurse age-appropriate discussions with their children about venerate, relationships, values, and sex. It is appropriate to give children and teens honest, tripping answers when they ask questions about their bodies or about relationships. For young children these answers do non need to be graphic, but should be straightforward. If parents make sex education an open, ongoing discussion with their child, by the time the child is a teen he or she will feel more(prenominal) comfortable request his or her parents q uestions about sex and the changes brought about by sexual learning in the teen years.Parental opinion is one of the most important factors teens employ to make decisions about sex. If parents prepare not educated their teens about sex, or discourage questions from their teens, the teens will depart more of their sex education from friends and the media, which are not reliable sources. Teens do learn about sex from television, movies, music, and magazines those teens who were receptive to sex through any of these media when young are more belike to begin having sex at an early age. The need to correct the foolish impressions teens may get from the media about sex is an important reason that teens should get sex education from their parents. Sex education conducted through schools or sacred groups lav also help to correct the misinformed and sometimes deceptive sex education teens get from the media and from friends.Some types of sex education presented by schools or ghostly organizations for children and teens might include Good touch-bad touch talks for elementary students, instruct them that they have the right to be safe from inappropriate physical contact, and that they should take to be this right in others. Basic descriptions of the reproductive system, usually presented in philia school, before puberty, to pre-teens separated by gender. Discussions of human sexuality, sexually transmitted diseases, and types of conduct control, including abstinence, usually presented to teens in high school sex education courses. Value-based, age-appropriate discussions about relationships and sexuality offered by spectral groups. These sex education sievees generally bring parental approval before the child or teen can participate, and give parents another opportunity to discuss relationships and values with their children or teens.Schools, religious groups, and community organizations may also offer advice or written materials to help parents talk to their teens about sex. Some parents are afraid that teen sex education encourages their teens to have sex. A recent study in Texas, however, fix that teens who took a two week sex education class became more interested in waiting until subsequently high school to have sex before the class 84 percent of the teens wanted to wait, and after the class 87 percent were planning on waiting.Also, before the class 60 percent of the teens said they wanted to wait until marriage to have sex, and after the class 71 percent were planning on abstaining until marriage. The likeliness that teens will have sex is also reduced if they watch little than 2 hours of television on school nights, attend religious services, and come from a family with both parents. Parents, whether married or single, are still the strongest work on on the choices their teens make about sex. By being involved in their teens sex education, parents can help their teens develop healthy attitudes a bout love and sex.

Documentary Film Analysis of Tough Guise Essay

Documentaries atomic number 18 useful as research sources. They are also used quite frequently as supplemental learning tools in the classroom. A common writing appointee is a critical review or analysis of films. A earnest review will explain how the film has enhanced the learning experience, further it should also provide an account of your personal response. There are several(prenominal) standard components of a review standard 1 Give enlarge of the documentaryTitle of the film or documentary Be received to name the film in your first paragraph.State the date of its release.intend AudienceStep 2 Explain the subroutine of the documentaryWhat is the purpose of the documentary?What is the main(prenominal) message the director wants to get across to the audience?What sources are used?Step 3 State your prior companionship of the subjectDid you know anything about the subject before you watched the documentary?What did you contain to see?What questions did you sustain about the subject?Step 4 iterate the documentaryWho/what is the subject of the documentary?What happened in the documentary?What are the main events?Where was it filmed?Step 5 Talk about the sound effects, camera work, interviews, special effectsDo you like the sound effects? be the images sharp?How is the filming? What camera angles were used?Do you like the interviews? What have you learned from the interviews?Are there any special effects?Step 6 Give personal comments and recommendationWhich part of the documentary do you like most? Include specific reasons for likes and dislikes.You cant severalize it was boring unless you provide justification.What have you learned from it?Was there anything that surprised you?What are the drawbacks of the documentary? Again, include specific reasons.Would you recommend this documentary to your friends? Why?

History About Death

Death, the inevitable aspect of intent. Many think that wipeout is a portal to another realm, others think that it is the end of all life and existence. Me, on the other hand, like to think of death as a motivation factor. A reason to keep pushing and moving on, a reason to stay healthy, a reason to correct yourself. It may legal weird, plainly when you hear of people dying from new issues, doesnt it give you a sense of awareness about the world that you know in. If some matchless dies from a staying on the phone for long periods of time, wouldnt you measure the amount of time that you spend conversing tit friends?Death is powerful, death may be the scarce thing on earth that can change the earth. The power of death is remarkable, it is the only thing that you urinate no choice in, if its your time, then its your time, no re-runs or asking for second chances, youre gone, no questions asked. Death is the unspokenest when it hits the ones that you lie with and adore. When d eath hits those block to you, you do not understand, you attempt to deny it and you get unsettling rage at disembodied spirit yourself not understanding why you couldnt be with that loved one.On the other hand, if youre a more mature individual, then when a loved one dies, you pack the fate of the bye, you dont exist on the fact that they are dead, but you dwell on the life that they lived, and think about what they would sine qua non you to do in their memory. If you accept death in that manner, you will use it as a motivation factor. A factor that when you feel like giving up, you wont because in your head you hear the voice of your deceased loved one tattle you to not stop. Death is a major factor in the come about of society.If it wasnt for the deaths of any legends and idols, our world wouldnt have mount uped to the point that it has. America gained its independence in a war, then sla actually was abolished because of a war, and Germany, Italy, and Japan could not bi nd the world as they desired because of English, American, and Russian soldiers putting their lives on the trend during World War 2. If it wasnt for 9/1 1 Americas National excuse wouldnt be as strict and powerful as it is today. If it wasnt for people passing away from cancer and Studs, scientist and doctors wouldnt have founds cures for future interactions with he diseases.Because no one wants to die, it promotes everyone to do whatever they can to stay alive longer, thus promoting the progress of our world. The most difficult interaction that I had with death is when I was in 8th grade and my aunt passed away. Her passing made me understand that death is real and that anyone can die. Everyone has those role models in their lives that seem to live forever, and when they die, your heart is torn apart and it takes time to rebuild it. My aunt was so loving. She had charisma, love, and was very friendly to everyone she came in contact with.She was my grandfathers sister, and she was like a grandmother to me, she bungle me, and did everything for me, and when she passed it tore a piece of me out of my body. I went into a relentless vibe, I cut myself from society and I had to take time to remember myself. One day I told myself that she wouldnt want me to be down and out, she would want me to work hard and stay strong for her. I love her and my love for my aunt, motivates me, and will continue to motivate me all the way though my complete life. Part of death. Many people live their lives in fear of death, but in all reality, death is unavoidable, you cannot run from it.Although there are slam-bang and peaceful ways to die, death is still going to occur. When your heart shekels and your brain ceases to flow, your dead, and you cannot take it back. That is why you should live your life to the fullest, with no regrets, and with happiness, so that when it is your turn to die, you wouldve made such an impact on the world that you live in that you dont have a fu neral, you have a celebration, celebrating the life that you lived, and that you have inspired and motivated someone to keep going on, working hard on the road to success.

On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay

In general, since mankind started displacement reaction activities, the contemplate of translation has never ceased. Discussions ab bulge out translation give birth become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gra treblely in Chinese. In this paper, Habermass theory of communicatory action re hidepreting the concept of the judgement of translation studies, and transmutation to indicate this special form of cross-cultural conversation in how to effectively interpret fiction. Keywords theory of communicative action illustration comprehension translation1. IntroductionTranslation is a metaphor of linguistic communicating as the carrier of the cross-cultural conversation activities, simply as well as a delivery that provide play the message to a nonher run-in to the inter subjectivity of communicative action. Inter subjectivity of communicative action for the research, later on Germany forward-looking philosopher Habermass theory of commun icative action (Theory of Communication Action) receptive the door for muckle young window. The theory is swelling in different philosophical estimates and views to choose found on the creation of a complex, motley rational anyiance system, it dumb as the core linguistic process, based on critical theory of the financial community, general pragmatics, social growing theory as a unified framework.2. Under the theory of communicative action the concept of translation studies to interpret2.1 Translation studies in the peeled port AC Zhu act theory. Translation Studies from the traditionalistic geomorphologic philology semantic stage to stage, the development of transmission 90 to the 20th cytosine de face of the stage, after a lengthy process. Semantic translation of the traditional paradigm by the impact of the classical theory of familiarity, that man is the soul, the instinct of the object is totally dependent on the translators essential feelings, emphasizing th e translators judgement and inspiration, tension on aim and Transformation, had gained the so-called flash in the pan. Beca function it is too much emphasis on the translators initiative to make this cross-cultural communication activities translate into a mystical practice.80 years of the 20th century, structural linguistics in China set off a in the altogether upsurge in Translation Studies. People started to pay tutelage the text, savour to use linguistic outline methods instead of intuitive feeling that in the complicated hidden behind the words of a universal and regularities, as long as it tail control the expression of all, making the translation into a simple mechanical operation, that is, the semantics of a target expression atomic number 18 stored in the source lecture and regulations put a rule in the semantic content of thought into the preparation of.Obviously, such a ray and went to the other extreme too much emphasis on language as the object of the role of law, then followed by the fierce animadversion of the ideo pellucid trend. Deconstruction gives citizenry a new way of thinking. It bust social structure, deconstruction of the system so that the provisions of one dollar to qualify the situation, the logical name translation from the language of Sri Lanka fetters doctrine, nevertheless(prenominal) still it will be translated once again into the irrational, too much publicity consciousness, so that interpretation becomes an infinite delay activity, the taking into custody and exchanges amid people seems to have become impossible.How to overcome this ideology of intolerance, effective language as average of intercultural communication activities? I believe that the use of Habermass theory of communicative action, for the translation of research to line up a new way of cerebrate.2.2 Translation understands the concept of re-interpretation. A French translator s facilitate The translation is to understand and make people understand. Building judgement is the cornerstone of translation is the elemental step in the process of translation, non a good understand of the translation step. When we think the theory of communicative action has opened a new translation of the windows, it is necessary to understand the concept of re-interpretation.Habermas believes that the language as a medium of social interaction, verbal communication to understand severally other, or far from effective communication. Communicative action in the language, that language, the analysis base be regulated. Each destination acts and statements have the effect the dual structure. Purposes of section as the main statement, in the communication layer surrounded by the main clay and vice statement as subdivision of statement, in the main contents of the table between the layers. Part of the implementation of pitch acts in a decisive role, because it limits the relationship between language and the learner, but also the import of the Statute of the contents of the statement. The twain structures in the delivery act are interdependent.Sometimes words that are a go against of which may be stressed, but it does not mean denying other part, but it all temporarily relegated to a secondary position. For example, my phone battery died, the phrase, seemed to be merely stating the fact that mobile phone battery is dead, but in fact it implies a categorization of behavioral signifi dejectionce because the battery died, so I just did not pick up the phone I essential go recharge I will not carry a cell phone and with PHS, the PHS something please call me. This is the hidden part of the implementation of, According to the specific situation it would serve the subprograms of this or that effect.Searle that the idea of the original verbalizer, or intrinsic intentionality is converted to words, statements, signs, symbols, etc., these words, statements, signs, symbols meaningful to speak out if they have a From the speakers thoughts in the derived intentionality. They not sole(prenominal) have the traditional linguistic sense, but also with the intention of the speakers meaning.This is undoubtedly the words of Habermas and alike to the dual structure theory. thence on the significance of understanding is also necessary to range of a function the check division. Understand a word should be divided into two to forecast at the presentation layer is the known what on the issue, and in the communication layer is the know-how of the problem. know -what is the statement that those who understand how to clear up such a clear knowledge and understanding that it can acquire the knowledge from the sentiment of those who understand, to ask him to be able to understand semantics, syntax, rules, line up the words, statements, fix the symbol what constitutes the meaning. know how is the statement that those who have the ability to construct or implement the ability of this speech act is an implicit awareness of the rules from the eyeshot of those who understand, to ask him who can understand the speech of this implicit awareness of the rules.In this dual understanding, understanding of the content of verbal expression is an understanding (know-what), but to those who truly grasp the inner speech must enter double intentionality level understanding (know-how), that is part of the implementation of the understanding. Therefore, understanding can not be stuck in the form of a priori judgments must be reached in the communication process. to understand the goal is to guide a recognition that the sacramental manduction of knowledge, trust each other, the two international interdependence consistent with the subjective. It not only includes the traditional understanding of linguistic expressions, but also in connection with each other that the normative discourse related to the justness of the background, and between the two main some kind of coordination , and th e two participants in the process of communication is something the world to reach understanding, and the intention to make himself understood each other. 3. illustrationsHabermass theory of communicative action on the construction of translation studies methodology has the macro guidance of translation practice is also instructive significance? View of the Newmark verbalise, metaphor translation is a microcosm of all the language translation, because translation to the translation of metaphor methods were showing a coarse range of choices either transfer its meaning, or reshape its image, or a modification of their, or their meaning and image of the perfect combination. The following operating instructions will use the metaphor theory of communicative action in cross-cultural communication The Interpretation of.Metaphor is a phenomenon of language use in the Dictionary not found in metaphor. Metaphor from the modern point of view of science should be in the form of metaphor with the exception, belong to different categories in the semantics, logic dislocation, resulting in a semantic conflict, and when the listeners have responded to the conflict, it generates a nonliteral sense, that is a metaphor to understand the words. For the metaphor of the operating mechanism, it was actually made such a description Metaphor involves two different areas (areas) concept the production of metaphorical meaning is the result of the interaction between the two concepts.This interaction by mapping the way in the mapping process, belonging to a related concept and structure of the field was transferred to another area, the final after the formation of a new synthesis of conceptual structure, that is, metaphorically. And this mapping and integration process is based on two areas of similarity in some respects. This is no doubt that the understanding of the need to double by metaphor.The process of understanding metaphors consist of two parts the identification and metapho rical meaning metaphors inference. In fact this is a secondary level of understanding into the process of understanding. Give an example of people often referred to The barbarism is a good time , from the presentation layer of understanding (an understanding), tongue by the American Heritage Dictionary defines this way the fleshy, movable, tendinous organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallowing, and, in human beings,, important organ of speech .We can say that the tongue is an important organ as the human body, the first-class honours degree and most vertebrates have the identical taste and chew and auxiliary swallowing function, in addition to, or who have speech capabilities important language organ. to the basic meaning of the center, tongue behind the formation of the word meaning a large collection it can mean something shaped like a tongue, such as tongue of incinerate (flame), head ton gue (rail-oriented vary rail), switch tong (switch to copper), can also refer to human speech acts and speech capabilities, for example, hold ones tongue (keep silent), lose ones tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock).The other key words in the speech act of fire, in the American Heritage Dictionary can be found in the following definition a rapid, long-lasting chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied not flame. the same , the meaning behind it can be found in the collection, such as, cooking fire (cooking fire), forest fire (forest fire), wild fire (wildfires), the fire of cannon fire), and other specific forms of the fire. You can also find other meaning, such as the boy is full of fire (which dogged the boy is very warm and excited), He was on fire for distraction (because of poor management and blamed).When the tongue and the fire both carry the meaning of their huge collection of words is embedded in the basic language of A is B frame (sen tence) to go when the logical relationship between the two on the adoption of is, to interact. Is used to denote a equivalents. it literally, or change a point of view, the presentation layer from the listeners understanding of the term should be reasoning as follows the tongue is a fire . is meaning that the two sets is in some ways equivalent.However, we are both from the above understanding of the meaning of the word of view, they clearly belong to two different categories, among them with a is connected, the the equivalent of conventional logic does not work, so from the presentation layer, we can identify this is a metaphor, thus complementary the first part of understanding metaphors. When the listener is clear that to use metaphorical language behavior, the expressed will of the true meaning of metaphors to infer, that understanding will enter the second stage of course, understand the purposes of this part of speech acts, understanding the original speakers thoughts, or inne r intention.Can be assumed that if The tongue is a fire is said to give an artificer is accused by the media to listen to, then the speaker or may contain a sympathetic glance report of intention. Artists are incessantly much media attention, due to For various reasons, may be one-sided media, the enlarged reports of certain facts, and spread such a report will be turned into a stumbling news and rumors, they will more or less to the artist himself or his cause to bring a number of trouble.The context is the equivalent of the tongue and the fire provides a logical possibility the tongue the language of human organs the words of the act media coverage people reported adverse reactions (Wei news and rumors) to the artists themselves or their cause trouble (damage to report or hinder the cause of development), the fire will shine the chemical substances excessive light and heat of fire, destroying things, or even result in death, so that both the destruction of the found a similar function, logical reasoning tenable. The tongue is a fire means a variety of popular artists and no shortage of opinions and statements in the news or rumors coffee, they may attack their soulfulnessality, or even because of their presence, the company lifted the employment relationship, or no one would dare ask this artistes. So we have reason to infer that the speaker is the issue of Renyankewei sigh, or cautioned entertainers say and pay attention to their own to avoid capture by the media hype after which her career. At this point, the listener to complete the original speech act of an effective understanding, guiding the listener and the speaker of some sort of recognition.Complete understanding of metaphor, must be made through an understanding (understanding of the content of verbal expression) to reach two to understand (the intrinsic intentionality of the speech understanding of those). In the same language system is the case, between systems in different languages should be so, because only then can an effective cross-cultural exchanges. How should we operate on the obvious metaphor translation, or the preservation of the source language metaphor, or metaphor replaces the target language, or to have the target language dominance feasibility, as long as it helps the reader to complete the intention of listening comprehension.3.1 deliverance of the source language metaphor. When the Metaphor and figurative language and translation in the source completely or substantially the same language, the metaphor for the body of the source language, target language readers will have to listen to listen to readers of the source language similar to the psychological Lenovo, and complete understanding of similar intent, target language are advised to preserve the source language metaphor. such as Links to Research (1) He is the only foxes. side of meat fox, fox and Chinese refer to the same animal, when it was used as that person when they contain cunni ng in Italy, even listen to the reader and writer, said in a different language systems and cultural background, it can effectively understand the implementation of the partial speech act be too-careful of this man, he is cunning. Another example (2) think tank think tankThink tank in the Chinese culture does not pull through in, but the library in Chinese culture, store things in the middle, so even though the people in Chinese culture has not been recognized with the library to describe the characteristics of thought The collection, but this library of knowledge to guide on English culture think tank , the identity, so library This Vehicle can save down. After all, this cross-cultural communication, we can not underestimate the listen to the readers understanding, not to disinvest them of their understanding of rights.In the translation process, in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, and sometimes need to work to preserve the source language metaphor, that metaphor at the same time preserve the source language to make the appropriate explanation. Such as (3) What will it be when the outgrowth of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the unprotected place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalisticic production. (Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844) If the complete cessation of growth in annual production, what the situation is red to do? Like Achilles heel, as this will be the Achilles heel of capitalist production.

Cypop 5 Task 6

Task 6 Maintaining a good family studys a lot of information for it to work, it is essential for the p atomic number 18nts to be composite as they are the MOST important person in the nippers life. With out(a) converse and information a sm each(prenominal) problem whoremonger quickly turn into a large problem which get out be more difficult to solve. The parents are the ones that know their chela the best and in wish manner hold the key to all their little ways. We as childminders booster the children to mystify to their best potential, by involving the parents we can all work together on the same page to give the child the consistency they rent to develop.Good communication is a vital part of the relationship between parents, children and childminders this ordain misrepresent certainly that the child and parents know how they are getting on and what has been incident whilst the child is in your setting. This can be maintained by firm meetings to discuss the childs p rogress and also whatever problems that may be occurring. These discussions may reveal changes in the childs infrastructure/social life so lead bedevil to be sinkled sensitively.When the parents have decided to pulmonary tuberculosis my service I leave alone give them a copy of my contract and ask them to hit it away to read and to scratch it. In the first meeting the parents entrust be given all the information needed to imprint a decision whether or non to send their child to me. This information could include availability and costing, I will also give a tour of my facilities and an explanation of the activities that I will provide. Routines are important in a childs life, where likely I will endeavour to work with them. Every childs needs are different, from nap times to special diets etc.From the first sitting with the child/parents I will work with them both to find out their needs and have them planned into the days activities. An agreement will be made between m yself and the parents to provide what the child needs to develop and boththing that the child is or is not allowed, e. g. sweets, TV, toys etc. Where possible the children will be snarled in decision making, for example what activities they would like to do, what to eat for lunch etc providing these decisions are practicable and fall within the agreed guidelines.It is important to let the children take part in the day to day running of the setting wherever it is safe to do so, this will give them a sense of province and achievement. Routines change and differ from child to child a child of 12 months would have a different routine to a child of 5 years. As a child grows I will make sure that the routine is changed to suit the needs of the child. For example they may need a shorter nap time or if they are an older child because make sure their homework is done. Dinner times etc may need to be changed to reflect the changing routines.As a child grows the need for things like nappy changing, 11 feeding and nap time falling off and the time for playing and interacting increases. Once the child reaches school they may need to have increased relaxation time so that they can slump to a school routine, and more quiet time so that any homework can be completed. The way in which I will welcome a new child to my setting would be to go into myself and the others in My household to the child and maybe buddy them up with other child-if possible of a similar age to themselves.The new child will then have someone they can turn to for any help if they do not want to come to me. I will make sure that any special comforters are identified before hand and brought with the child on the first day so that there is something known they can be comfortable with. From the outset the child will be involved in some of the decision making, and I will be there if they have any problems or if they just need a cuddle. I could help them settle in by knowing any information that might help, i. . any siblings, pets, favourite family members/toys etc. I could use this information to help them in the transition from home to childminder this may be the first time they have been away from their parents. All the children in my commission will be treated equally and with respect, but I will also take into account different cultural differences. The children in my misgiving will be encouraged to learn about other spates cultures, history and backgrounds, this could include food, religious festivals, music etc.

The Effective Literary Form of Foreshadowing

OConnor efficaciously uses the literary device of foreshadowing to create an atmosphere of suspense for a family that is doomed. There ar several hints that point to the fate of the family in some(prenominal)(prenominal) the oer both theme of a world of change and chaos and in specific lines from the text. Death and doom are frequently discussed and plastered descriptive phrases, as early as the first sentence lead a reader to believe that doom is impending. Specific aloney the grandmother and her choices and her description of choices all contribute to the foreshadowing.Her choice of dress and her reasons given for that is one example, as is the computed axial tomography she chooses to bring and the animals role in the final example that leads to the finis of the family. The grans choice to take the dirt alley and her mistake of direction is the final example of the foreshadowing that can be contributed to the readers sense of an almost inevitable and negative end. Firstl y, the grandma does not wish to go on the trip, but agrees to go with certain pretenses. She refuses to leave her beloved cat at home while the family goes on their trip.The cat, Pitty Sing, is hidden in a basket as the Grandmother fears that the cat may die. OConnor writes, she was afraid he might light touch against one of the gas burners and strokeally asphyxiate himself. Her son, Bailey didnt like to survive at a motel with a cat (1135-1136). Her mention of both death and the inconvenience that bringing the cat would impose on the family evidences both foreshadowing and irony, as the cat does cause an accident and inconveniences the family in the worst way.Both the out of sight cat displayed by OConnor as the Grandmothers dilute for her familys wishes and her lost sense of direction, as well contribute to the peril that the family is placed in. The dirt road that the Grandmother advises the family to go down is explained in detail in an ominous manner and the plot turns e ven to a greater extent ominous as she realizes that she has the wrong road. OConnor writes regarding the character that a terrific thought came to herher eyes dilated and her feet jumped up the instant the valise moved, the newspaper top she had over the basket rose with a snarl and Pitty Sing, the cat, sprang onto Baileys shoulder (1140). This consequent does lead to a car accident on this abandoned, old road. Therefore, both the choice to bring the fateful animal and the choice to take the family in a wrong direction, sends a message of a foreshadowed and foreshortened future for the family.Finally, at the beginning of the fabrication, when the cat is introduced into the plot, the Grandmothers deception and dress are detailed. The foreshadowing of her outfit and accessories point to the fact that she has designed herself for death, in good example that it comes. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a discolour spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her executed on the highway would know at once she was a skirt (1136).It should be noted that the idea or phrase of the word accident or accidental is used frequently in the story to show foreshadowing. In the citation with the cat and the uproar, there follows an automobile accident, where after the children visit several times both on pages 1140 and 1141, Weve had an ACCIDENT . The foreshadowing of the exercising of accident is only paralleled by the actions leading to the familys doom.In conclusion, OConnor efficaciously uses examples of foreshadowing in A Good Man is Hard to draw. Three of these examples illustrate this in the previous paragraphs and all tie in together to help the reader and literary critic understand that the story has deeper meaning and context than one may originally think. The frequent germ to accident or fear that something may happen accidentally all contribute to the underton es and overtones of death, deception, and doom in a world of change and chaos.

A Biographical Review of the Glass Menagerie

A Biographical Analysis of The churl menagerie and Tennessee Williams Its plain in the ferment and the living of Tennessee Williams that he was, in fact, writing nigh himself and his family when he wrote The Glass Menagerie. The Glass Menagerie was the first success of Tennessee Williams c arer. He says in the beginning of the play, I give you truth in the enjoyable disguise of illusion (Williams 47). The characters gobbler, Laura, and A gentlemanda are truly much like Williams, his child rosiness, and his pay back Edwina.We are able to see this when we look into Tennessee Williams life. tom turkey, the fibber, cigarette be viewed as himself, Thomas Lanier Williams. There are many similarities between his life and his character gobblers life. These similarities tooshie be found in his actions, the actions in the life of his family. First we look at Tennessee Williams life, and how it is genuinely bodred to the life of the character tom turkey. He is the narrator , an undisguised invention of the play. He takes any(prenominal) license with dramatic convention as is convenient to his purposes.I am the narrator of the play, and besides a character in it. The other characters are my mother, Amanda, my sister, Laura. (Williams 47). Tom is the narrator, and the narrator is the one who tells the story, we can justify that Tom resembles Tennessee Williams. This means we can also relate Amanda to Williams mother Edwina Williams and Laura as his sister, Rose Williams. Tennessee Williams dropped egress of senior high school school when his founder asked him to leave school to work in a warehouse. In the play, Tom also dropped out of school to work in a shoe factory.Tom says, Listen You presuppose Im unwarranted about the warehouse You think Im in warmth with the Continental Shoe producers? You think I want to spend fifty-five age down there in that Celotex interior With fluorescent tubes Look Id rather somebody picked up a crowbar and batter out my brains than go back mornings (Williams 56). Both Williams and Tom blamed their families for their worthless jobs and the lives they lived. Williams loved poetry and was his way of escaping the thought of his terrible job and demoralize life. Tom is also a poet in our play. Jim knew of my secret practice of preceding(a) to a cabinet of the washroom to work on poems when business was slack in the warehouse. He called me Shakespeare. (Williams 68). Both Tom and Williams wanted to get out of their strong lives by playwright and poetry. Like Tom, Tennessee Williams left home to live in New Orleans when he was 28. Moreover, Tom is a little bout younger than this in the play. Tom leaves home in the end because it is memory him back from what he wants to do. His nature is not remorseless, however to escape from a trap he has to act without pity. (Williams 46).The breed in The Glass Menagerie worked for a phone company who fell in love with distance. He gave up the job with the telephone company and skipped the light fantastic of this town. (Williams 47). Tennessee Williams father was a traveling salesman. Just like in The Glass Menagerie, Williams father was also not home as often as his family wouldve liked. charm he was growing up, Tennessee Williams and his family moved into an apartment in St. Louis. The face doorway of their house was opening up to look at an alley. In the play, Tom describes to the audience where his family lives.He says, The apartment faces an alley and is entered by a fire-escape, a social system whose name is a bit of accidental truth, for all of these huge buildings are always burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation. (Williams 46). Also, Tennessee Williams eventually played out some time at Washington University in St. Louis but finish up going to the University of Iowa instead. In The Glass Menagerie, Toms mother Amanda says to him, a night-school course in accounting at Washington-U Just thin k what a wonderful thing that would be for you son. (Williams 62).We can see how Tennessee Williams didnt want to remain in St. Louis University to attend school. Tennessee Williams and his sister were very close. him around like a ghost through his life and his art because she was not all there with him. However, he loved her very much, like Tom in The Glass Menagerie loves his sister Amanda. Tom says to his mother, Laura seems all those things to you and me because shes ours and we love her. We don t even notice shes game anymore. (Williams 66). It is also true that the Character Laura in The Glass Menagerie is very much like Williams sister Rose.She was diagnosed clinically insane in 1938 after he graduated from the University of Iowa. Its obvious that Laura seems very strange sometimes. Tom says Laura is very different from other girls. Through the eyeball of strangers, shes terribly shy, and lives in a world of her own and those things maker her seem a little peculiar to pe ople outside the house. (Williams 66). Rose spent almost all of her life in sanitariums. Edwina act to catch out Rose a mate by sending her to Business Col subdivisione, but failed her first assignment and neer continued.Amanda says to Laura, No dear, you go in the front room and study your typewriter chart. Or practice your shorthand a little. gravel fresh and pretty Its almost time for our gentlemen societys to start arriving. (Williams 50). Amanda had also sent Laura to business school. In the play, Laura cracks under pressure and the scrutiny of her write teacher and does not get a job to support her self. In Amanda and in Rose Williams life there was a gentleman caller in particular for Rose/Laura, who opened them up but never came back. We are going to take hold one. What? A gentleman callerDo you realize that hes the first young man weve introduced to your sister? Its terrible, dreadful, disgraceful that poor little sister has never reliable a single gentleman caller (Williams 64). Both in our play and also for the real Rose Williams, hopes were restrained on this young man whose characters referred to as Jim in The Glass Menagerie. Jim mistakes Lauras absence of school for her affection as Blue Roses and ends up referring to her as this through high school. This can also provide evidence that Laura is Rose Williams. In the start of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams says this about Laura. A childhood illness has left her crippled very well fragile. (Williams 46). Rose was more mentally inept instead of having pitiful leg like Laura. However, they are both defected fragile young women who were abandoned by their fathers, gentlemen callers, and brothers in the end. Williams and his mother didnt get along much and says this of her, A little woman of spectacular but confused vitality clinging insanely to another time and place certainly she has endurance and a kind of heroism, and though her foolishness makes her unwittingly cruel at t imes, there is great tenderness in her slight person. (Williams 46). This identifies description of what Edwina Williams was like. She obviously had many bad experiences with Tennessee Williams father that made her sad and difficult for Williams. Furthermore even though they didnt get along, Williams loved his mother very much. His mother raise Williams almost entirely herself. She was domineering of him and very sheltering. Proof can be found during the exchange at the dinner table Amanda says to Tom So chew your food and give your salivary glands a chance to flow You re not excused from the table.You smoke too much. (Williams 48). There are many instances where it is shown that, like in real life, the mother and son have a difficult time with each other. Tom is very intent of his mother but later says, now that we cannot hear the mothers speech, her silliness is asleep(p) and she has dignity and tragic beauty. (Williams 88). This evidence proves that, in the end, Williams lo ved his mother very much In the end of the play Tom says Oh Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more constant than I intended to beI reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I taint a drink, and I speak to the nearest stranger anything that can scotch your candles out For nowadays the world is lit by lightning Blow out your candles, Laura and so good-bye. (Williams 88). Tennessee Williams literary work was entirely in recognition and history to his sister, his family, and his life. Works Cited Rusinko, Susan. Biography Of Tennessee Williams. Critical Insights Tennessee Williams. 8-13. n. p. Salem Press, 2010. Literary Reference Center. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. New York New Directions, 1999. Print.

Effect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance Essay

Over the past decade, Africa and otherwise developing neighbourhoods arrest been in the midst of tre handsdous changes. Market liberalization and governmental decentralisation policies puzzle interfaced with globalization and urbanization trends to dramatically transform social, political, scotchalal and heathenish lives. In this context of rapid change, SME operations tail end no semipermanent re main(prenominal) behind serving moreover to meet sustenance income for their owners. SMEs engagements devour to set ab discover a dynamic and integral part of the merchandise economy. The assignment of factors that determine new venture deed such as survival, suppuration or profitability has been single of the most central fields of entrepreneurship inquiry (Sarasvathy, 2004). A multitude of explore papers has foc apply on exploring dissimilar vari subjects and their sham on performance (Bamford et al., 2004). However, in order to be capable to analyze and model th e performance of new ventures and SMEs, the complexity and dynamism they atomic occur 18 facing as well as the fact that they may non be a homogenous group provided signifi targettly distinguishable in regard to numerous characteristics (Gartner et al., 1989) clear to be taken into discover.In line with the above, there pose been challenging debates all over the human race on the position played by low-pitched and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) towards scotch development. in that locationfore, a vast books on the addition and performance of SMEs has been substantial over the years. modest and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) prevail had a privileged treatment in the development literature, accompanimently over the last two decades. just any arguments atomic number 18 put forward against SMEs, even if development policies do not necessarily favour them and economic programs, voluntarily or not, much continue to result in large jacket crown investment. Arguments for SMEs come from intimately all corners of the development literature programs, particularly in the bittie certain countries (LDCs), prevail to emphasise the utilise of goods and assistantances of SMEs, even if practical results resist from the rhetoric. (Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco. May, 2003) Therefore, SMEs see to be an accepted wisdom within the development debate.It is believed that maturation in SMEs should bind a positive effect on the living conditions of the bulk, their income level, housing, utilities. Castel-Branco (2003), in a sight, revealight-emitting diode that this is not alship pileal true because beas where SMEs be performing so well attracts public fear and many competitors begin to troop into the atomic number 18a. This afterward leads to over congestion with its associated problems of which accommodation is not an exception. The structure of SMEs in gold coast as perhaps one of the main railway locomotives of branch can be viewed as rural and urb an trys. For urban enterprises, they can either be planned or unplanned. The planned-urban enterprises are characterized by paid habituateees with registered offices whereas unplanned-urban enterprises are chiefly confined to the kinfolk, slack space, temporal wooden structures, and economic consumption therein is family or apprentices oriented.In the recent pursuit of economic attainment, gold coast as a developing country has generally come to recognize that the SME orbit may well be the main driving force for enhanceth, due to its entrepreneurial imaginativenesss and employment opportunities. Neverthe little, the existing attempts to explore empirically the roles played by SME in the economic development of a nation are still roughly ambiguous. This can be attri furthered, much or less, to the fact that when examining economic progress per se, economists have tended to ignore the industrial structure of the economy and the impact this can have on such development. Th e ambiguity of the role of SMEs has hence necessitated the fate for a study to be conducted to access the actual impact of the proliferation of SMEs on the inhabitants of the Medina community.1.2 Problem StatementThe dainty business area is recognized as an integral component of economic development and a crucial constituent in the effort to lift countries out of poverty (Wolfenson, 2001). The dynamic role of lilliputian and moderate enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries as engines by dint of which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. The growth of lilliputian surmount businesses in gold coast so rapid, that it is now seen as a perfunctory affair. Many Potential owners of SMEs move to areas where the feel they can stick with to circuit them up there. More so, many factors may contribute to the movement of people to compulsivetle at certain geographical areas.It is believed that the factors that allure migration include the quest for peaceful and violent free environment, the need for fertile business locations, the lust for privacy, government policy and a host of others. detailally, with reference to the above, the Medina municipality of the Greater corking of gold coast region has experienced a noticeable growth and increase in the number movements into the area and for that matter SMEs increase in the last few years. It is important to mention that some research studies have been conducted to determine the unfeigned impact of migrations on host societies. In line with the above, this study sorts to respect the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the involvement of men and women, the main sources cash for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the outburst of SMEs in Medina and the scio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.1.3 Objectives1.3.1 Main ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to quantify the general impact of t he plorefication of SMEs in Medina on the Medina municipality of the Greater Accra region.1.3.2 Specific Objectives1. To assess the nature and forms of SMEs in Medina and the relative involvement of women and men. 2. To identify the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and to rank them in order of importance. 3. Assess the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina.4. To assess the status of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, present retentivity and business account holding. 5. To determine the factors that account for the emergence of small racing shell businesses in the Medina community 6. To assess the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina1.4 interrogation QuestionsThe study shall provide answers to the spare-time activity research questions 1. What is the nature of SME operation in Medina and the relative involvement of women and men? 2. What are the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and which are ranked to a greater extent than importance? 3. What are the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina?4. What are the status of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, record keeping and business account holding? 5. What factors have accounted for the emergence of small scale of measurement businesses in the Medina community? 6. What are the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina? 1.5 Justification of the informationIt is difficult to analyze the performance, nature of operation and behavior of the SME area in Ghana due to the lack of comprehensive data on them and their activities. The sector is not classified into sub-sectors and the last industrial survey was conducted in 1995 but covered only metier and large industries. In respect of this, the apology of this study rests on the fact that, study provide help provide information on the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the involvement of men and women, the main sources funds for the m, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the explosion of SMEs in Medina and the socio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.Further much, the study small-arm provide brisk information policy snitchrs of the Medina municipality and all other stakeholders of the Medina community. Finally the study patch produce information to will add on to existing literature for further studies in this area. 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study collectible to time and resource constrains, this study is restricted particularly to the Medina community. The study focuses on the factors that account for the growth of SMEs in Medina and the socio-economic impacts of this change on the people of Medina among others. The study is limited in scope because it fails to cover the entire population of Ghana. The findings of this study may whence lack generalizability as far as other communities in Ghana are concern.1.7 Organization of the StudyChapter 1 deals wi th the background of the study, the problem press outment, objectives of the study, acknowledgment of the study and organization of the study. Chapter 2 reviews twain theoretical and empirical literatures on SMEs in general, in Ghana among others. Chapter 3 introduces the study area and describes the methodologies used to analyze the problems assured. It includes the methods used for data collection, and procedure for data analysis. Chapter 4 is prone to presentation and discussion of results. Summary statistics of the variables used in the study are presented and discussed. Chapter 5 winds up this study drawing conclusions, their policy implications. Suggestions for future research buttocksd on the findings are make.CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 introductionThis chapter reviews employs on small and medium enterprises in the world, Africa and Ghana. The state of SMEs in Ghana is reviewed here. Also, Works on performance and determinants of performance of SMEs are captu red. Further more(prenominal), a section of this chapter assesses the various methods of measuring performance of SMEs which while help open up the understanding of the state of SMEs in Medina. Finally, this chapter closes with some migration theories to help help the comprehension of the factors that actually account for human migration, in this case migration to Medina.2.2 interpretations and Concepts of SMEsThere is no single, uniformly acceptable, rendering of a small securely ( stage, 1994). Firms differ in their levels of capitalization, sales and employment. Hence, translations that employ measures of coat (number of employees, bustover, profitability, net worth, etc.) when applied to one sector could lead to all firms being classified as small, while the selfsame(prenominal) size definition when applied to a disparate sector could lead to a telephone circuitive result. The first attempt to overcome this definition problem was by the Bolton Committee (1971) when t hey formulated an economic and a statistical definition. below the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it meets the following(a) common chord criteriai. It has a relatively small share of their market mastermindii. It is managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure iii. It is independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The Committee in like manner devised a statistical definition to be used in trine main areas a. Quantifying the size of the small firm sector and its contribution to GDP, employment, exports, etc. b. Comparing the extent to which the small firm sectors economic contribution has changed over time c. Applying the statistical definition in a cross-country comparison of the small firms economic contribution.Thus, the Bolton Committee employed different definitions of the small firm to different sectors. 2.2.1 Criticism of the Bolton Committees frugal Definition of SMEs A number of weaknesses were determine with the Bolton Committees economic and statistical definitions. First, the economic definition which states that a small business is managed by its owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formal management structure, is incompatible with its statistical definition of small manufacturing firms which could have up to 200 employees. As firm size increases, owners no longer make principal decisions but devolve accountability to a team of managers.For example, it is unlikely for a firm with hundred employees to be managed in a personalized way, suggesting that the economic and statistical definitions are incompatible. some other shortcoming of the Bolton Committees economic definition is that it considers small firms to be operating in a gross(a)ly competitive market. However, the idea of perfect competition may not apply here many small firms occupy time outs and provide a highly special ized emolument or product in a geographically isolated area and do not perceive any clear competition (Wynarczyk et al, 1993 Storey, 1994). Alternatively, Wynarczyk et al (1993) identified the characteristics of the small firm other than size. They argued that there are cardinal ways of differentiating betwixt small and large firms. The small firm has to deal with(a) incredulity associated with being a determine taker(b) Limited customer and product base(c) Uncertainty associated with greater diversity of objectives as compared with large firms. As Storey (1994) stated, there are three key distinguishing features surrounded by large and small firms. Firstly, the greater external uncertainty of the environment in which the small firm operates and the greater internal consistency of its motivations and actions. Secondly, they have a different role in innovation. Small firms are able to produce something marginally different, in terms of product or service, which differs from th e standardized product or service provided by large firms. A tercet area of distinction between small and large firms is the greater likelihood of evolution and change in the smaller firm small firms that become large undergo a number of stage changes.2.2.2 Criticism of the Bolton Committees statistical Definition of SMEs (i) No single definition or criteria was used for smallness, (number of employees, turnover, self-possession and assets were used instead) (ii) Three different upper limits of turnover were specified for the different sectors and two different upper limits were identified for number of employees. (iii) Comparing fiscal units over time requires construction of index numbers to take account of price changes. Moreover, currency fluctuations make international comparison more difficult. (iv) The definition considered the small firm sector to be homogeneous however, firms may grow from small to medium and in some cases to large. It was against this background that th e European complaint (EC) coined the term Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The SME sector is made up of three components(i) Firms with 0 to 9 employees micro enterprises(ii) 10 to 99 employees small enterprises(iii) speed of light to 499 employees medium enterprises.Thus, the SME sector is comprised of enterprises, which employ less than 500 workers. In effect, the EC definitions are based solely on employment rather than a multiplicity of criteria. Secondly, the use of 100 employees as the small firms upper limit is more appropriate given the increase in productivity over the last two decades (Storey, 1994). Finally, the EC definition did not assume the SME group is homogenous, that is, the definition makes a distinction between micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. However, the EC definition is too all embracing for a number of countries. Researchers would have to use definitions for small firms that are more appropriate to their particular orchestrate group (an ope rational definition). It must be emphasized that debates on definitions turn out to be sterile unless size is a factor that influences performance. For instance, the consanguinity between size and performance matters when assessing the impact of a credit computer program on a targeted group (also refer to Storey, 1994).2.2.3 Alternative Definitions of SMEsWorld imprecate since 1976 Firms with unbending assets (excluding land) less than US$ 250,000 in value are Small outdo Enterprises. Grindle et al (1988) Small scale enterprises are firms with less than or equal to 25 permanent members and with fixed assets (excludingland) worth up to US$ 50,000. USAID in the 1990s Firms with less than 50 employees and at least(prenominal) half the output is sold (also refer to Mead, 1984). UNIDOs Definition for ontogeny Countries puffy firms with 100+ workers Medium firms with 20 99 workers Small firms with 5 19 workers Micro firms with 5 workers UNIDOs Definition for Industrializ ed Countries Large firms with 500+ workers Medium firms with 100 499 workers Small firms with 99 workers From the various definitions above, it can be said that there is no unique definition for a small and medium scale enterprise thus, an operational definition is required.2.2.4 Definitions SMEs in GhanaSmall Scale enterprises have been variously defined, but the most commonly used criterion is the number of employees of the enterprise. In applying this definition, confusion often arises in respect of the arbitrariness and cut off points used by the various official sources. As contained in its Industrial Statistics, The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) considers firms with less than 10 employees as Small Scale Enterprises and their counterparts with more than 10 employees as Medium and Large-Sized Enterprises. Ironically, The GSS in its national accounts considered companies with up to 9 employees as Small and Medium Enterprises (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). An alternate crite rion used in defining small and medium enterprises is the value of fixed assets in the organization.However, the national Board of Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) in Ghana applies both the fixed asset and number of employees criteria. It defines a Small Scale Enterprise as one with not more than 9 workers, has plant and machinery (excluding land, buildings and vehicles) not transcend 10 one thousand million Cedis (US$ 9506, using 1994 exchange rate) (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). The Ghana Enterprise victimization Commission (GEDC) on the other hand uses a 10 million Cedis upper limit definition for plant and machinery.A point of fore suasion is that the process of valuing fixed assets in itself poses a problem. Secondly, the continuous depreciation in the exchange rate often makes such definitions out-dated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). Steel and Webster (1990), Osei et al (1993) in defining Small Scale Enterprises in Ghana used an employment cut off point of 30 employees to ind icate Small Scale Enterprises. The latter however dis-aggregated small scale enterprises into 3 categories (i) micro -employing less than 6 people (ii) very small, those employing 6-9 people (iii) small -between 10 and 29 employees.2.3 Why Small and Medium Scale Enterprises?The choice of small and medium scale enterprises within the industrial sector for this study is based on the following propositions (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000).(a) Large Scale Industry(i) Have not been an engine of growth and a good provider of employment (ii) Already bring enormous support through general tack, finance, tax policy and pick out subsidies(b) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises(i) Mobilize funds which otherwise would have been idle(ii) Have been recognized as a seed-bed for indigenous entrepreneurship (iii) be trade union movement intensive, employing more labour per unit of capital than large enterprises(iv) conjure up indigenous technological know-how(vii) Are able to compete (but behind r estrictive barriers)(viii) Use principally local resources, thus have less outside(prenominal) exchange requirements(ix) Cater for the needs of the poor and(x) Adapt easily to customer requirements (flexible specialization), (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). 2.4.0 The Role and Characteristics of SMEs2.4.1 Role of SMEs in Developing CountriesSmall-scale rural and urban enterprises have been one of the major areas of concern to many policy makers in an attempt to accelerate the rate of growth in low income countries. These enterprises have been recognized as the engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. They are potential sources of employment and income in many developing countries. It is estimated that SMEs employ 22% of the adult population in developing countries (Daniels & Ngwira, 1992 Daniels & Fisseha, 1993 Fisseha, 1992 Fisseha & McPherson, 1991 Gallagher & Robson, 1995). However, some authors have contended that the byplay creating i mpact of small scale enterprises is a statistical geological fault it does not take into account offsetting factors that make the net impact more modest (Biggs, Grindle & Snodgrass, 1988).It is argued that increases in employment of Small and Medium Enterprises are not eer associated with increases in productivity. Nevertheless, the important role performed by these enterprises cannot be overlooked. Small firms have some advantages over their large-scale competitors. They are able to adapt more easily to market conditions given their broadly ingenious technologies. However, narrowing the analysis down to developing countries raises the following puzzle Do humble enterprises have a dynamic economic role? Due to their flexible nature, SMEs are able to withstand adverse economic conditions. They are more labour intensive than larger firms and therefore, have lower capital costs associated with job creation (Anheier & Seibel, 1987 Liedholm & Mead, 1987 Schmitz, 1995).Small-scale ent erprises (SSEs) perform useful roles in ensuring income stability, growth and employment. Since SMEs are labour intensive, they are more likely to succeed in smaller urban centres and rural areas, where they can contribute to the more even distribution of economic activity in a region and can help to slow the flow of migration to large cities. Because of their regional dissemination and their labour intensity, it is argued that small-scale labor units can promote a more equitable distribution of income than large firms. They also advance the efficiency of municipal markets and make productive use of scarce resources, thus, facilitating long term economic growth.2.4.2 Characteristics of SMEs in GhanaA distinguishing feature of SMEs from larger firms is that the latter have direct access to international and local capital markets whereas the former are excluded because of the higher(prenominal) intermediation costs of smaller projects. In addition, SMEs face the same fixed cost as Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in complying with regulations but have limited capacity to market products abroad. SMEs in Ghana can be categorised into urban and rural enterprises. The former can be sub-divided into organised and unorganised enterprises. The organised ones tend to have paid employees with a registered office whereas the unorganised category is mainly made up of artisans who work in open spaces, temporary wooden structures, or at home and employ little or in some cases no paying(a) workers.They rely mostly on family members or apprentices. boorish enterprises are by and large made up of family groups, individual artisans, women engaged in food production of local crops. The major activities within this sector include- soap and detergents, fabrics, uniform and tailoring, textile and leather, village blacksmiths, tin-smithing, ceramics, timber and mining, beverages, food processing, bakeries, wood furniture, electronic assembly, agro processing, chemical based pro ducts and mechanics ( Liedholm & Mead, 1987 Osei et al, 1993, World vernacular, 1992). It is careing to note that small-scale enterprises make break-dance use of scarce resources than large-scale enterprises.Research in Ghana and many other countries have shown that capital productivity is often higher in SMEs than is the case with LSEs (Steel, 1977). The reason for this is not difficult to see, SMEs are labour intensive with very small amount of capital invested. Thus, they tend to realize high capital productivity, which is an economically sound investment. Thus, it has been argued that promoting the SME sector in developing countries will create more employment opportunities, lead to a more equitable distribution of income, and will ensure increased productivity with better technology (Steel & Webster, 1990).2.5 SME ApproachesThere are several approaches or theories to entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises. For the purpose of this study, the research team will dwe ll on three major theories. These include venture opportunity, Agency conjecture and Theory of paleness stocks2.5.1 The Venture OpportunityThe venture opportunity school of theory focuses on the opportunity aspect of venture development. The search for idea sources, the development of concepts and the implementation of venture opportunities are the important interest areas for this school. Creativity and market awareness are viewed as essential. Additionally, according to this school of thought, developing the respectable idea at the right time for the right market niche is the key to entrepreneurial success. major proponents include N Krueger 1993, Long W. & McMullan 1984. some other development from this school of thought is what is described by McMullan (1984) as corridor article of belief. This linguistic rule outlines that, giving prior attention to new pathways or opportunities as they arise and implementing the needful steps for action are key factors in business de velopment.The maxim that preparation meeting opportunity, equals luck underlines this corridor principle. Proponents of this school of thought believe that proper preparation in the interdisciplinary business segments will enhance the ability to recognise good venture opportunities. Comparing the study with the above theory, the question that arises is What are the factors or opportunities that have led to the proliferation of small and medium scale enterprises in Medina Township? Is it due to a particular market niche, creativity or market awareness? If so, then what socio-economic impact do they have on the people of Medina Township?2.5.2 Agency TheoryAgency theory deals with the people who own a business enterprise and all others who have interests in it, for example managers, banks, creditors, family members, and employees. The agency theory postulates that the day to day running of a business enterprise is carried out by managers as agents who have been engaged by the owners of the business as principals who are also cognize as shareholders. The theory is on the notion of the principle of two-sided transactions which holds that any financial transactions involves two parties, both acting in their own best interests, but with different expectations. Major proponents of this theory include Eisenhardt 1989, Emery et al.1991 and JH Davis 1997. These Proponents of agency theory assume that agents will always have a personal interest which conflicts the interest of the principal. This is usually referred to as the Agency problem.2.5.3 Theory of Equity FundsEquity is also known as owners equity, capital, or net worth. Costand et al (1990) suggests that larger firms will use greater levels of debt pay than small firms. This implies that larger firms will rely relatively less on equity financing than do smaller firms. concord to the pecking order framework, the small enterprises have two problems when it comes to equity funding McMahon et al. (1993, pp153) 1) Small enterprises usually do not have the option of issuing extra equity to the public.2) Owner-managers are strongly averse to any dilution of their ownership interest and control. This way they are unlike the managers of large concerns who usually have only a limited degree of control and limited, if any, ownership interest, and are therefore prepared to recognize a broader range of funding options. Modern financial management is not the ultimate answer to every whim and caprice. However, it could be argued that there is some food for thought for SMEs concerning every concept. For example advance to Capital is really eye-opener for SMEs in Ghana to carve their way into sustaining their growth.2.6 Policies for Promoting SMEs in GhanaSmall-scale enterprise promotion in Ghana was not impressive in the 1960s. Dr. Nkrumah (President of the First Republic) in his modernization efforts emphasized state participation but did not encourage the domestic indigenous sector. The local entre preneurship was seen as a potential political threat. To worsen the situation, the deterioration in the Balance of Payments in the 1980s and the overvaluation of the exchange rate led to reduce capacity utilization in the import dependent large-scale sector. Rising inflation and falling real wages also coerce many formal sector employees into secondary self-employment in an attempt to take in a decent income. As the economy declined, large-scale manufacturing employment stagnated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). fit in to Steel and Webster (1991), small scale and self-employment grew by 2.9% per annum (ten times as many jobs as large scale employment) but their activities accounted for only a third of the value added. It was in the light of the above that the government of Ghana started promoting small-scale enterprises. They were viewed as the mechanism through which a transition from state-led economy to a private oriented developmental strategy could be achieved. Thus the SME sect ors role was re-defined to include the following (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000) (i) Assisting the state in minify its involvement in direct production (ii) Absorbing labour from the state sector, given the relatively labour intensive nature of small scale enterprises, and (iii) Developing indigenous entrepreneurial and managerial skills needed for sustained industrialization.2.6.1 giving medication and Institutional Support to SMEsTo enable the sector perform its role effectively, the following technical, institutional and financial supports were put in place by government.(i) presidency governing body, in an attempt to strengthen the response of the private sector to economic reforms undertook a number of measures in 1992. Prominent among them is the setting up of the mysterious Sector Advisory Group and the abolition of the Manufacturing Industries Act, 1971 (Act 356) that repealed a number of price control laws, and The Investment Code of 1985 (PNDC Law 116), which seeks to pro mote joint ventures between foreign and local investors. In addition to the above, a Legislative actor on Immigrant Quota, which grants automatic immigrant quota for investors, has been enacted. Besides, certain plan science Transfer Regulations have been introduced. Government also provided equipment leasing, an alternative and flexible source of long term financing of plant and equipment for enterprises that cannot afford their own. A Mutual Credit Guarantee synopsis was also set up for entrepreneurs who have inadequate or no collateral and has limited access to bank credit.To complement these efforts, a Rural Finance Project aimed at providing long-term credit to small-scale farmers and artisans was set up. In 1997, government proposed the establishment of an Export phylogeny and Investment Fund (EDIF), operational under the Exim Guarantee Company Scheme of the Bank of Ghana. This was in aid of industrial and export services within the first draw off of 1998. To further imp rove the industrial sector, according to the 1998 Budget Statement, specific attention was to be given to the following industries for support in accessing the EDIF for rehabilitation and retooling Textiles/Garments timberland and Wood Processing Food and Food Processing and Packaging. It was also highlighted that government would support industries with export potential to overcome any supply-based difficulty by accessing EDIF and rationalize the tariff regime in a bid to improve their export competitiveness.In addition, a special monitoring mechanism has been demonstrable at the Ministry of Trade and Industries. In a bid to improve trade and investment, particularly in the industrial sector, trade and investment facilitating measures were put in place. Visas for all categories of investors and tourists were issued on arrival at the ports of entry while the springer Excise and Preventive Service at the ports were made proactive, operating 7-days a week. The government continued supporting programmes aimed at skills training, registration and placement of job seekers, training and re-training of redeployees. This resulted in a 5% rise in scroll in the various training institutes such as The depicted object vocational and Training Institute (NVTI), Opportunity Industrialization Centres (OIC), etc. As at the end of 1997, 65,830 out of 72,000 redeployees who were re-trained under master craftsmen have been provided with tools and have become self-employed.(ii) InstitutionsThe idea of SME promotion has been in existence since 1970 though very little was done at the time. Key institutions were set up to assist SMEs and bragging(a) among them was The Office of Business Promotion, now the present Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC). It aims at assisting Ghanaian businessmen to enter into fields where foreigners mainly operated but which became available to Ghanaians after the Alliance Compliance Order in 1970. GEDC also had packages for strengthening small-scale industry in general, both technically and financially. The Economic Recovery Programme instituted in 1983 has broadened the institutional support for SMEs. The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) has been schematic within the then Ministry of Industry, attainment and Technology now (Ministry of Science and Technology) to address the needs of small businesses.The NBSSI established an Entrepreneurial Development Programme, intended to train and assist persons with entrepreneurial abilities into self-employment. In 1987, the industrial sector also witnessed the coming into operation of the Ghana suppress Technology Industrial Service (GRATIS). It was to supervise the operations of Intermediate Technology Transfer Units (ITTUs) in the country. GRATIS aims at upgrading small scale industrial concerns by transferring appropriate technology to small scale and informal industries at the grass root level. ITTUs in the regions are intended to develop the engineer ing abilities of small scale manufacturing and service industries engaged in vehicle repairs and other related trades. They are also to address the needs of non-engineering industries. So far, 6 ITTUs have been set up in Cape Coast, Ho, Kumasi, Sunyani, Ta masculine and Tema.(iii) Financial serviceAccess to credit has been one of the main bottlenecks to SME development. Most SMEs lack the necessary collateral to obtain bank loans. To address this issue, the Central Bank of Ghana has established a credit guarantee scheme to underwrite loans made by Commercial Banks to small-scale enterprises. Unfortunately, the scheme did not work out as expected. It was against this background that the Bank of Ghana obtained a US$ 28 million credit from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank for the establishment of a Fund for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (FUSMED). Under the Programme of Action to Mitigate the Social Cost of Adjustment (PAMSCAD), a revolving f und of US$ 2 million was set aside to assist SMEs. This aspect is too scanty in the midst of the abundant information, peculiarly with reference to Ghana.2.7 Gender and Small Business PerformanceUntil more latterly gender differences in small business performance remained largely unaddressed by social scientists (Greene, Hart, Gatewood, embroil, & Carter, 2003). The majority of studies either disregarded gender as a variable of interest or excluded womanish subjects from their design (Du Rietz & Henrekson, 2000). However, it is generally accepted that male and female owner-managers behave differently and that these behavioral differences influence their performance (Brush, 1992), but these differences have been recognized but not full explained (Brush & Hisrich 2000). A comparison of performance of male and female owner-managers in Java, Indonesia showed that female-owned businesses tend to be less oriented towards growth compared to male-owned businesses (Singh, Reynolds, & Muh ammad, 2001).Boden & Nucci (2000) investigated start-ups in the retail and service industries and ground that the mean survival rate for male owned businesses was four to six percent higher than for female owned businesses. Loscocco, Robinson, Hall & Allen (1991) in their study of small businesses in the New England region of the USA found that both sales volume and income levels were lower for female- than for male-owned businesses. In a longitudinal study of 298 small firms in the United Kingdom (UK), of which 67 were female owned, Johnson & Storey (1994) observed that whilst female owner-managers had more stable enterprises than their male counterparts, on average the sales turnover for female owners were lower than for male owners.Brush (1992) suggests that women perform less on quantitative financial measures such as jobs created, sales turnover and profitability because they pursue intrinsic goals such as independence, and the flexibility to combine family and work commitmen ts rather than financial gain. In contrast to the above findings, Du Rietz and Henrekson (2000) reported that female-owned businesses were just as successful as their male counterparts when size and sector are controlled. In his study of small and medium firms in Australia, Watson (2002), after controlling for the effect of industry sector, age of the business, and the number of days of operation, also reported no significant differences in performance between the male- controlled and female-controlled firms.