Psychopathology Paper Essay

Over theyears,scientists and mental health professionals possess made spacious strides in the discourse of psychological indispositions. For example, advances in psychopharmacology flip led to the evolution of drugs that relieve severe symptoms of mental illness. Clinical psychologyis dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and reportment of mental illnesses and opposite(a) emotional or behavioural disorders. More psychologists ca-ca in this field than in any new(prenominal) branch of psychology. In hospitals, community clinics, schools, and in private practice, they use interviews and tests to diagnose depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses. population with these psychological disorders often suffer terribly. They experience impress symptoms that make it difficult for them to live, relate to others, and cope with the demands of everyday vitality. Clinical psychologists norm eithery bottom of the inningnot prescribe drugs, but they often work in collaboration with a diligents physician. Drug treatment is often combined with psychotherapy, a form of intervention that relies primarily on verbal communication to treat emotional or behavioral problems. Over the years, psychologists have developed many a(prenominal) different forms of psychotherapy. Some forms, such as psychoanalysis, focus on resolve internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood and past experiences. Other forms, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, focus more on the persons modern level of functioning and try to help the individual change drear thoughts, timbreings, or behaviors. The fieldofcounseling psychology is most related to clinical psychology. Counseling psychologists whitethorn treat mental disorders, but they more commonly treat lot with less-severe adjustment problems related to marriage, family, school, or chargeer. Many other symbols of professionals c ar for and treat concourse with psychological disorders, in cluding psychiatrists, psychiatricalal social workers, and psychiatric nurses. As a psychiatric health nurse we works closely with other disciplines to arrive at the most appropriate plan of c atomic number 18 for the leaf node and the family. The physicians responsibility is to make a medical diagnosis when there is sufficient support to determine that a psychiatric problem is posit. The taxonomy used to make the medical diagnosis is the Diagnostic and statistical Manual, commonly called the DSM- tether-R of the American Psychiatric Association.The DSM-III-R uses a biopsychosocial perspective but is considered atheoretical, so that it can be readily accepted and used by all who diagnose the psychiatric client. The nurse assists the process by sharing important information about the client from the nursing history, mental status assessment, and day by day observations. A working knowledge of the DSM-III-R is important in maximizing the team up motion to help the client. Know ledge of the criteria will help the nurse for deciding on a particular medical diagnosis found in the DSM III-R whitethorn help the nurse in making a clinical condition about a nursing diagnosis. The DSM-III-R is a multiaxial system. The diagnostic criteria are inclusive for each diagnosis and allow room for individual differences at heart a pattern of behavior by including phrases such as at least one of the following or for at least 6 months. Five axes constitute the format for a complete psychiatric diagnosis. A five digit coding system is used for the first ternion axes. axis vertebra I comprises the major mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and substance abuse disorders. A disorder of this nature is usually the main reason the client is seeking help. On the other hand, Axis II comprises the nature disorders and developmental disorders such as paranoid reputation disorder, schizotypal disposition personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder , borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.This axis vertebra separates the patterns of lifestyle and get by that have developed from childhood from the more neat manifestation of behavior in the major mental disorders. Axis III indicates the related physical disorders and conditions that may be influencing the clients reply to the psychiatric problems such fro example, asthma, gastric ulcer, or diabetes. Axis IV indicates the hard knocks of the psychosocial stressors over the past year such as anticipated retirement, life identical disaster and change in residence with loss of contact with friends. The Axis V represents the global assessment functioning (GAF) both currently and over the preceding year. So how does Axis I differ from Axis II? Now lets try to compare and contrast their similarities as well as their differences. Under Class A Axis II are the personality disorders paranoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality personality dis order, and schizotypal personality disorder. temper is vital to defining who we are as individuals. It involves a grotesque blend of traitsincluding attitudes, thoughts, behaviors, and moodsas well as how we express these traits in our contacts with other slew and the world around us. Some characteristics of an individuals personality are inherited, and some are shaped by life events and experiences. A personality disorder can develop if certain personality traits establish too rigid and inflexible.People with personality disorders have long-standing patterns of thinking and playing that differ from what society considers usual or normal. The inflexibility of their personality can cause great distress, and can interfere with many areas of life, including social and work functioning. People with personality disorders generally also have poor coping skills and difficulty forming healthy relationships.Unlike people with anxiety disorders, who know they have a problem but are unable to control it, people with personality disorders generally are not aware that they have a problem and do not believe they have anything to control. Because they do not believe they have a disorder, people with personality disorders often do not seek treatment. A paranoid personality disorder applies to a person who displays pervasive and long-standing suspiciousness. This suspicious pattern affects perceptual, cognitive, emotive and behavioral functions in specific ways. In persons with paranoid personalities, perception is passing acute, intense and narrowly focused in search of clues or the in truth meaning behind others behavior or life events in general.In a cognitive side, the great perceptual twisting is present in paranoid personality. Cognitive disturbances may range from cursory ideas of reference, in which a person believe others are giving them superfluous attention or gossiping about them unlike Manic disorder the client is easy going and friendly. The paranoid per sons affective domain reflects a lack of basic trust, extreme suspiciousness, vigilant mistrust, guardedness and hostility.Typically, paranoid person assume a callous, unsympathetic approach to others in an effort to purge themselves of any hunt downencies to experience humor or affectionate and accessible feelings. For the most part, they remain coldly reserved and on the periphery of events, seldom mixing smoothly with people in social situation, remaining withdrawn, inappropriate and secretive instead. Rarely do they seem relaxed and unguarded.Unlike with Axis I manic bipolar disorder, Manic clients are self-satisfied, confident and aggressive and feel on top of the world and in control of their destinies, paranoid patient are reserved type while manic is transparent, the manic clients remarks are very similar to free associations, disorganized and incoherent. Manic client is full-of-the-moon of ambitious schemes and exaggerations while a paranoid person often engages in verb al interchanges designed to test others honesty. The content of their verbalization usually reflects themes of blame, deceit, control, persecution and self-aggrandizement. Similarities of manic and paranoid personality disorder are that they appear hypervigilant, mobilized and prepared for attack. socially detached, shy and introverted persons may be described as having schizoid personality disorder while Schizophrenia is psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months. schizotypal personality refers to persons exhibiting perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral patterns that fall within the healthier end of the schizoid spectrum. This personality disorder differs from schizotypal personality disorder in that the latters symptomatology more closely resembles schizophrenia.In contrast to both schizotypals and schizophrenics, schizoid personalities do not demonstrate amusing or eccentric perceptual, cognitive and behavioral patterns. Persons with schizoid personalities exhibit a twisted pattern of perception, characterized by a reduced ability to attend, select, differentiate and discriminate adequately between and among social and social sensory inputs while the perception of Depressive disorder clients may be distorted too because of their intense affective states. They perceive the world as strange and unnatural.For instance, a client with deep guilt feelings may show the sound of wind in the trees as reproaching voices (illusion) the severely depressed client may less frequently experience hallucinations. Auditory hallucination may be present such as a client may hear voices blaming her or telling her that she is worthless. Illusion and hallucination do not occur in Schizoid personality disorder. They are able to certify macrocosm despite their faulty interpersonal or social perception.Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called eccentric personality disorders. People with these disorders often appear odd or peculiar. They might display ridiculous thinking patterns, behaviors, or appearances. People with schizotypal personality disorder might have odd beliefs or superstitions. These individuals are unable to form close relationships and tend to distort reality. In this respect, schizotypal personality disorder can seem like a mild form of schizophreniaa serious creative thinker disorder that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. In rare cases, people with schizotypal personality disorder can eventually develop schizophrenia.Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way, being suspicious and paranoid, being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations because of their distrust of others, having few friends and being exceedingly uncomfortable with intimacy, tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices), having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic), Being preoccupied with deception and daydreaming, tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others, coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold.Hallucination, and illusion may not be present in schizotypal personality disorder but it is always present in Schizophrenia. There is lack deterioration of functioning in schizopherenia while their no huge deterioration is schizotypal personality, they are also in touch with reality and they are aware of their eccentricities and their deterioration is occurring within a time puke while Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in peopleaged 17-35 years, delusions, anomalous personal beliefs held with conviction in spite of reason or license to the contrary, not explained bythat persons cultural contextis prese nt.Their is hallucinations,perceptions (can besound, sight, touch, smell, or taste) that occur in the absence of an actual external comment(Auditory hallucinations, those of voice or other sounds,are the most common type of hallucinationsin schizophrenia, disorganized, thoughts and behaviors, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior are also manifested. literary works CitedMillion, Theodore & Davis Roger. (1996). Disorders of Personality DSM IV and Beyond.Published by Wiley.Kaplan, Harold, M.D & Saddock, Benjamin, M.D. (1990). Modern Synopsis of Psychiatry. atomic number 101 USA. The Williams and Wilkins CompanyIntroduction to Personality Disorder. Capella University. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=8Personality Disorder. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2Schizophrenia. PSY web. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//psyweb.com/Mdisord/jsp/schid.jspAbout Cl inical Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 13,2008 from http//www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html