To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Ive been reading a fascinating book about a little community of interests in Alabama called To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. This book portrays lessons about life and the importance of telling the truth. One of the best lessons taught in this book is that doing the right thing isnt always rewarded. There are three characters in this story that Id like to tell how they comprise a part in this small community of Maycomb. These characters are fowl Radley, Scout, and Atticus. First let me talk about Boo Radley, also known as Arthur. Boo is the object of fascination for Jem, Scout, and dill weed. He is a recluse who has remained in the house down the street from the Finch house for years. When he was younger he got into most trouble when he became involved with a group of rowdy kids from Old Sarum. One night they resisted arrest by Maycomb Countys beadle and locked him in the courthouse outhouse. After that, Arthurs father, Mr. Radley, took him home and he wasnt seen again for fi fteen years. But it was said that one day Boo Radley stabbed his father in the leg with a play off of scissors while cutting newspaper clippings for his scrapbook. For this he was locked in the courthouse basement for many years before he came home again. From these stories learned from gossiping neighbors, Jem, Scout, and Dill made ghost stories of Boo Radley, and the other children in town were afraid of him as well. They said that he only came out at night to tucker out cats and squirrels, and he was the local spook. Boo, however, begins to win Scout and Jem over by leaving gifts for them in the knothole of an oak tree until his brother, Nathan, cements the knothole. Boo even covers Scout with a hind end on a cold night she and Jem spent in front of the Radley house while Miss Maudies house burned down. Boo was so quiet that Scout never even realized hed covered her shoulders with the blanket until after the fact. After all the childrens attempts to drag Boo Radley from his h ouse, he ends up saving them from Bob Ewell.Now let me talk about Scout. Originally named Jean Louise Finch, scout is the narrator. In the story she is looking back as an adult to the two years of her life when she learned courage and kindness and the importance of doing the right thing.

Euthanasia Essay -- Philosophy, Immanuel Kant

Euthanasia is an action that result in the death of a someone. There be four types of euthanasia, such as unforced nimble euthanasia, non volunteer active euthanasia, voluntary passive euthanasia, and nonvoluntary passive euthanasia. Among the four types of euthanasia, voluntary active euthanasia or VAE is the most controversial honest issue in the united States. It is the killing of a competent patient who decided to end his/her paltry by ending his/her life with the help of the physician. VAE is extralegal in the Unites States however, it is morally just. intended active euthanasia is licitly moral on the basis of Immanuel Kants human arrogance, the utilitarians Greatest mirth Principle, and James Rachels place of active euthanasia.According to Immanuel Kant, a person has dignity that packs him autonomous. Thus, the decision of the autonomous patient to die has intrinsic value. Beca call patients are reasoning(prenominal) agent, they are able to make their own decis ion based on reason. A rational patient will reason that if continued existence is intact of finding and no-hope for better well-being, therefore, the trounce option is to discontinue his/her life to save him/herself from that future condition. It is the patients approach to manage his/her own life. Dan W. Brock is right in his article Voluntary alive(p) Euthanasia when he said that, self-determination or autonomy has fundamental value because individual can control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death (75). The dignity of the patient lies in their cogency to direct their lives (Brock 75).According to Stephen G. Potts, a patient might research euthanasia for the benefits of other people (79). In his argument against VAE, the p... ...uffer.The voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral. It is morally right for a person to seek euthanasia because it is their freedom or autonomy to control their own lives. It ends the suffering of the patient w ithout harming other people. Furthermore, it prevents the person to suffer by giving him/her lethal injection or medication that prevents a person to die slowly with pain. On the other hand, the arguments against euthanasia are not sound. A thorough assessment will protect patient who request euthanasia for the benefits of others. A patient who seek for euthanasia does not use him/herself as means, but as ends to respect his/her own humanity. Furthermore, God as a benevolent will not go forth a person to suffer which endorse the purpose of euthanasia to end suffering. Therefore, voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized in the United States. Euthanasia sample -- Philosophy, Immanuel KantEuthanasia is an action that result in the death of a person. There are four types of euthanasia, such as voluntary active euthanasia, nonvoluntary active euthanasia, voluntary passive euthanasia, and nonvoluntary passive euthanasia. Among the four types of euthanasia, volun tary active euthanasia or VAE is the most controversial ethical issue in the United States. It is the killing of a competent patient who decided to end his/her suffering by ending his/her life with the help of the physician. VAE is illegal in the Unites States however, it is morally just. Voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral on the basis of Immanuel Kants human dignity, the utilitarians Greatest Happiness Principle, and James Rachels view of active euthanasia.According to Immanuel Kant, a person has dignity that makes him autonomous. Thus, the decision of the autonomous patient to die has intrinsic value. Because patients are rational agent, they are able to make their own decision based on reason. A rational patient will reason that if continued existence is full of suffering and no-hope for better well-being, therefore, the best option is to discontinue his/her life to save him/herself from that future condition. It is the patients approach to manage his/her own li fe. Dan W. Brock is right in his article Voluntary Active Euthanasia when he said that, self-determination or autonomy has fundamental value because individual can control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death (75). The dignity of the patient lies in their capacity to direct their lives (Brock 75).According to Stephen G. Potts, a patient might seek euthanasia for the benefits of other people (79). In his argument against VAE, the p... ...uffer.The voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral. It is morally right for a person to seek euthanasia because it is their freedom or autonomy to control their own lives. It ends the suffering of the patient without harming other people. Furthermore, it prevents the person to suffer by giving him/her lethal injection or medication that prevents a person to die slowly with pain. On the other hand, the arguments against euthanasia are not sound. A thorough assessment will protect patient who request euthanasia for the benefits of others. A patient who seek for euthanasia does not use him/herself as means, but as ends to respect his/her own humanity. Furthermore, God as a benevolent will not allow a person to suffer which endorse the purpose of euthanasia to end suffering. Therefore, voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized in the United States.

Background of the Kashmir Conflict Essay -- Pandits and Muslims in Kas

Describe the condition of Pandits and Muslims in Kashmir before the accord of Amritsar and the changes that took place after the Treaty was implemented. In what ways have forces external to Kashmir contributed to the conflict in the region during the colonial and tin-colonial periods? The argument can be sustained that external forces have importantly contributed to Kashmir conflict for hundreds of years, within which the post-Treaty of Amritsar period is a relatively small potion. From the rise of the Islamist tyrant to the Kashmir throne in 1349, the region has been locked in various, seemingly indeterminate conflicts where the regional political players may change, but underlying, fundamental and irreconcilable religious tension is the single unifying historical thread (Zutshi, 2004). The Pandits and Muslim interplays both prior and post Treaty are explored against this backdrop. Given the long Kashmir past has marked the region as a place where conflict is the nor m, there is no surprise that the Kashmir continues to be a lightning rod for the entire region. It is the proposition that contributes to the examination of how external forces have exerted significant, and largely negative influences over the Kashmir to the present day.1.Pandits and Muslims The Pandits are the inheritors of the most ancient Hindoo Brahmin traditions. The Pandits recognize the vedas, ancient Sanskrit sources of Hindu wisdom, as their core religious authority (Bose,1997). There is little wonder at why the Pandits and Muslim volume might be natural antagonists. Each faith believes its followers to be part of a true world religion, where the message is eternal and sustaining. Where Islam professes its rigid adhesion to All... ...ontline Account of Life, Love, and War in His Homeland. New York Scribner Bose, Sumantra. (2005). Kashmir Roots of fighting, Paths to Peace. Harvard University PressSavarkar, V D (2009) Hindu. Hindu Nationalism A reader, Christophe Jaffrel ot, ed. Princeton University PressSingh, Sadu. (1946). The Sikhs demand their Homeland. Lahore Singh, Gurharpal (2000). Ethnic Conflict in India A Case-Study of Punjab. Houndmills Macmillan PressTariq Ali, et. al.(2011). Kashmir The Case for Freedom, New York VersoUN Special Rappaorteur (2013). (A/HRC/23/47/Add.1 of 26 April 2013). Online Available accessed 5 May 2014Zutshi, Chitralekha. (2004). Languages of Belonging Islam, regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir. New York Oxford University Press

Essay example --

With new technologies such as interactive smart-displays, touch screen kiosks, increase reality, real-time data tracking, and more, Intel Corporation wants to bring your sell stores, headquarters, and store management processes, into the future. The world has seen rampant technology growth over the past decade. Since 2000, the percentage of the US population using the internet has grown 150%, with roughly 45% of North Americas population being regular online shoppers and virtually every person in North America has a cell phone plan and some form of mobile device. These are statistics that would have never been seen as little as 5 years ago. The world has become an interconnected powerhouse of technology, driven by the need and desire for new and innovative solutions to classic problems, and through this change, retail brick-and-mortar stores have been left in the technological dust. By implementing our Connected Store solutions to your retail franchise, we can guarantee an increase d consumer base, higher foot traffic in local stores, increased workforce productivity, higher customer morale, more accessible management tools, more efficient, accurate data tracking, and, of course, a vast increase in sales percentages. All introduced through easy to use, intuitive software and hardware that is not only completely customiz fitted and personalized, but upgradeable to ensure continued use for the predictable future.First and foremost, by utilizing our new video analytics technology we can gather vast amounts of anonymous customer metrics, such as age, gender, height and even add up attention span, all in real-time through individual storefronts. By coupling this technology with dynamic digital signage and interactive kiosks and sa... ...eyond traditional environmental standards. This withal enables retailers to power down devices when stores are closed, and turn them back on prior to opening. And of course, all of this can be monitored, controlled, and customi zed from a remote location of your choosing.By implementing Intels Connected Store solutions, you will be on the cutting edge of technology, seamlessly blending truly personalized, shopping experiences, with a mass customer appeal able to rival internet shopping. Combining unique, dynamic digital signage, interactive kiosks, mobile connectivity, and anonymous analytical data gathering with easy-to-use, intuitive software and hardware on both consumer and management ends of the retail shopping experience, Intel hopes to bridge the gap between online and offline shopping, bringing you closer to your customers, and your customers closer to you.

Truth and Goodness in Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas Essay

Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas doubting Thomas account for the existence of truth in sharply contrasting ways. Kant locates all truth inner the mind, as a pure product of reason, operating by means of rational categories. Although Kant ac knowledges that all knowledge originates in the intuition of the senses, the intelligibility of sense experience he attributes to innate forms of apperception and to categories inherent to the mind. The innate categories shape the phenomena of sensible being, and Kant claims nothing can be known or proved about the noumena, the presumed world external to the mind.1 doubting Thomas agrees that all knowledge comes through the senses, but disagrees with Kant in arguing that categorical qualities do not originate in the mind but inhere in the objects themselves, either essentially (determinate of their mode of being) or accidentally (changeable without loss of essence by the object).2 Aquinas further agrees with Kant that all the knowledge der ived from sense experience is knowledge of the essence of things only insofar as it is understood by reason, and thus sense experience is insufficient to constitute knowledge by itself.3 But Aquinas defines knowledge as conformity by the mind to things as they really are, and thus believes the external world is knowable by the mind, both in the essences of things (what they are) and in the act of being (that they are).4 Moreover, for Aquinas, entities are related to each other analogously according to their modes of being, since being is a quality that all existent things share. Thus, being in general is knowable systematically according to a language of existential analogy.5 Kant, in contrast, begins with the assumption that metaphysics is invalid as knowledge... ...25 Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Translated James W. Ellington, third ed. (Indianapolis/Cambridge Hackett Publishing, 1993), 9.26 Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 842 .27 Immanuel Kant, Introduction to the Metaphysicsof Morals, IV, 24, quoted in Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law A Study in Legal and Social History and philosophy (Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1998), 89.28 Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law. An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, quoted in Rommen, 88.29 Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy (Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1998), 119-121.30 W. Norris Clarke, S.J., The One and the Many A Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics (Notre Dame, Indiana University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 12.

Truth and Goodness in Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas Essay

Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas account for the existence of truth in sharply contrasting ways. Kant locates all truth inside the mind, as a concentrated product of reason, operating by means of rational categories. Although Kant acknowledges that all knowledge originates in the intuition of the senses, the intelligibility of sense experience he attributes to inhering forms of apperception and to categories inherent to the mind. The innate categories shape the phenomena of sensible being, and Kant claims nothing can be known or proved about the noumena, the presumed world external to the mind.1 Aquinas agrees that all knowledge comes with the senses, but disagrees with Kant in arguing that categorical qualities do not originate in the mind but inhere in the objects themselves, either essentially (determinate of their humor of being) or accidentally (changeable without loss of essence by the object).2 Aquinas further agrees with Kant that all the knowledge derived from sense experience is knowledge of the essence of things only yet as it is understood by reason, and thus sense experience is insufficient to constitute knowledge by itself.3 But Aquinas defines knowledge as residency by the mind to things as they really be, and thus believes the external world is knowable by the mind, both in the essences of things (what they are) and in the act of being (that they are).4 Moreover, for Aquinas, entities are related to each other analogously according to their modes of being, since being is a quality that all existent things share. Thus, being in general is knowable systematically according to a language of existential analogy.5 Kant, in contrast, begins with the assumption that metaphysics is invalid as knowledge... ...25 Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Translated James W. Ellington, 3rd ed. (Indianapolis/Cambridge Hackett Publishing, 1993), 9.26 Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any prox Metaphysics, 842.27 Immanu el Kant, Introduction to the Metaphysicsof Morals, IV, 24, quoted in Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law A Study in Legal and Social narration and school of thought (Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1998), 89.28 Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law. An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, quoted in Rommen, 88.29 Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy (Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1998), 119-121.30 W. Norris Clarke, S.J., The One and the Many A Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics (Notre Dame, Indiana University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 12.

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay

Understanding the essential chemical elements of a valid flummox in a fear contextP1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements essential for the defining of a valid extort There atomic tot up 18 several important elements in wander to year a valid curve.1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must(prenominal) be a lawfull suffer by virtuoso party and lawfull acceptance of the same by the some other party2. Intention to Create Legal Relation enrapture- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic spirit do not contemplate legal relations .Case Balfour vs Balfour (1919)3. Lowfull friendship. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another in other words of Pollock Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought .consideration is known as qu id pro-quo or something in return4. Capacity of Parties The parties to an compact must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not ca-ca the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the quest persons argon incopetent to contract a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject5. Lawfull tendency. The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house6. Legal formailities An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc7. Certainity of Meaning Acourding to Section 29 Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or ca pable of being make certain are avoid8. Posibility of Performance If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if pilenot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceableP1.2. hash out the impact of different types of contractA contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts whitethorn be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A symmetrical contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral con tract. The buyer promises to bargain for the ingathering and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the productP1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide all disputes slightly the operation of the agreement ass be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court so-and-so ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade use or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agree between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a nu mber of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated restoration clauses and price variation clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated vilifys clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays elaborate the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, even out addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The nearly common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979.Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1.Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for importunes by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is compl eted by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to stand it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance tho it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and rile, turn tail Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefrom, even though the offer was expressed to be open until after lunch train, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contrac t.A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offerors promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasnt any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of 1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action toHarry for not selling the fountain pen to her.Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money (50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both(prenominal) parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay 50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the blood to be do in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer th at he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy cant make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy.P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contractsA standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a take it or leave it position. Examples of standard form contracts are ins urance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be include by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite opened about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a intent cover with a minimum of 7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipulated in the contract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate singular terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfilan important efficiency character reference in the mass distribution of goods and services.These contracts have the voltage to reduce exertion costs b y eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the movement were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine scratch. These contracts are typically drafted by embodied lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place.The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or shopped terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for mishap protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even happen upon these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014).P2.3. prise the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant (25000) and the deform hours, witch in this case are whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in situation requires the employ er to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y canappeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for assert the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011).Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can train compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical exam treatment for depression due to the employment environment.Understand patterns of indebtedness in negligence in business activitiesP3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liabilityTort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are apt for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a special liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting ones tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect ones personal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation.For example, a building avower signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractualliability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets o wned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligenceLiability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that the defendant owed him a legal work of care the defendant was in breach of their duty and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v pock (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if this damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982).P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liableEmployers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or disrespect on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors orworkers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had boilers suit responsibility that could not be delegated.For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of control. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be look ated will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord jurist May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited & Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employer could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014).Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situationsP4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of car eless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safe precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of carebecause the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen.On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim res ipsa loquitur, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to break away are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendants control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell speckle he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because first off he supposed to prot ect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut.The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as associated parties in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge br each their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as puff up by the court.References1. Business Law, Available at http//pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, Accessed on 12.03.2014 2. Riches, S.& Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson London 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at http//faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, Accessed on 15.03.2014 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at http//www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm Accessed on 13.03.2014

Quantative analysis of your food diary Essay

You need to write up your analysis of your fodder diary. State how long you have kept your food diary for, and write well-nigh the following points1. overturn how you have recorded your information. Where have you got your information from that will be analysed how useful are these sources of information? (e.g food labels, weighing portions, recipes etc)2. Research the Recommended nutritionary Intakes for your age and gender on http//www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/nutguideuk.pdf . Choose 3 whole days of your food diary how does your food intake compare to the recommended Nutritional Intakes. cerebrate you need to break the food composition down into the main food groups including vitamins (in particular vitamin C) and the energy from fat in your food. What are the strengths and weaknesses of your food intake? Consider other recommended food intake sources such as five a day and food standards agency eatwell plate. How does your food intake measure up to this?3. You whitethorn f ind it useful to research how many calories you should be intaking for your lifestyle. (a useful site http//www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/understanding-calories.aspx )4. Consider the amount of activity that you have done over the course of the hebdomad what are the strengths and weaknesses of this level of activity? (another useful site http//www.nhs.uk/Livewell/fitness/Pages/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults.aspx )5. Fin everyy in the analysis consider any Lifestyle influences as relevant, eg personal food preferences, cultural, economic, social, availability of 6. time day-to-day variations, e.g week days/weekendsOnce you have done this you need to move on to part 2 of the assignment proletariat Part 21. Provide a 7 day nutritional plan to advance your nutritional wellness.2. You should acknowledge a meal plan which addresses all of the issues analysed in your food diary analysis. This includes what you are eating and how it relates to social policy as stated abov e.3. Consider the change for life campaign (http//www.nhs.uk/change4life/Pages/change-for-life.aspx) what can you include in your nutritional plan that changes your life?4. What about your activity levels? In your plan you need to consider your levels of activity analysed in your food diary. How can you improve these? (remember it is not just about joining a gym, you could consider walking up the stairs instead of taking the lift)5. Finally look once again at the issues that you have highlighted in terms of lifestyle factors that influence what can you do to change them? (think outside of the box here, and be realistic). Include these changes in your plan.6. You whitethorn design and set out this information in any format you wish, however, you might want to consider some kind of template or grid to present your information on.7. Remember your nutritional plan must be SMART8. In your plan you should assess how the plan will meet and improve your nutritional needs you need to rel ate your information to social policy (five a day, change for life, RNI, the eatwell plate) (M3)9. You should also evaluate how the changes that you are making might improve your health and wellbeing. (D2) (useful sites http//familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/food-nutrition/healthy-food-choices/nutrition-tips-for-improving-your-health.htmlhttp//www.nhs.uk/LiveWell/Goodfood/Pages/Goodfoodhome.aspxhttp//www.gosh.nhs.uk/children/general-health-advice/eat-smart/food-science/improving-your-diet/Remember all of the sites that you use must be referenced That is both in the text using Harvard referencing and by including a reference shroud

What is Drug?

A dose is whatever animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines. It as well refers to any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. It is a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic. A medicine is capable of holdfast natural biological processes, with their manipulating nature used in medicine as a corrective measure against deviances from these normal biological processes. As described in the Webster Dictionary (1992), a dose, is a substance, different than food intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.It is any narcotic also any substance or chemical agent, exclusive of food, employed for other than medical reasons to obtain a given physiological effect or to satisfy a craving. The dose modifys the mind or body. The effect depends on the type of dose, the amount taken, when and how it is used, and the person who takes it (Webster, 1992). Drugs may be cat egorise as uppers, downers, narcotics, mind-affecting (hallucinogens), or volatile chemicals. Uppers be stimulants that affect the aflutter system to excite the user.Downers are depressants that affect the central nervous system to relax the user. Narcotics affect the nervous system, and change many of the normal activities of the body, and often produce an intense state of excitement or distortion of the users senses. Volatile chemicals are depressants acting upon the central nervous system. It is important for the first aider to be able to detect possible drug debauch at the overdose level and to denote certain signs to certain types of drugs (Webster, 1992 p. FA-28). There are four levels of drug use.Abstinence inwardness not pickings any drugs or any particular drug. Experimentation means trying a drug for the first time. It could be a doctor prescribing medicine, or a young person sniffing glue. If a user likes the effects of a drug, he or she may move to casual, recreati onal or regular use. Casual use is taking a drug save when a person relishs like it or when a it is offered. Recreational use is a drug use for enjoyment in social situations. Regular use means taking drugs almost e realday. Habitual or problem drug gos dependent (needs to drop some of the drug e very(prenominal)day).The user may have very little go steady over his or her problem drug use. The effects of this dependence can be serious, and sometimes fatal. With certain drugs, the user can develop a margin, or get used to the drug. He or she has to take very large amounts to feel the same effects. These drugs include alcohol, opiates, LSD, caffeine, amphetamines and tranquilisers. Psychological dependence can develop with any type of drug. The user believes that he or she will not be able to lead a normal life without taking the drug and becomes very upset if it is not available.Physical dependence, when the body cannot work without a regular supply of the drug may happen with long term use. This is common with depressants and analgesics. Depressants slow the nervous system and relax the body. Alcohol is the most common, unless other legal depressants are abused for these effects. These include barbitu runs (sleeping pills), tranquilisers and solvents (glue and gases). Analgesics reduce the users reaction to pain, uncomfortableness and anxiety. Opium, heroin and codeine are obtained from opium poppies.Methadone and pethidine are synthetic (chemical rather than natural) analgesics. Many analgesics have medical uses. Withdrawal symptoms, which make the user feel unwell, can happen when a regular user stops taking a drug. When a person has an overdose, he or she takes more of the drug than the body can cope with, becomes very ill and may even die (Brown and King 1990). Mechanisms of Drug Action To describe the mechanism of drug action in the brain, whenever a person uses a drug and the effect it produces is somehow pleasant, this effect gets a recognizein g quality for that person.As experimental research by behavioural psychologists has demonstrated, all behaviours that are reinforced by a reenforcement have a tendency to be repeated and learned. Successive repetitions, in addition fixing the reward-producing behaviours, also fix all previously uninterested stimuli, sensations, and situations, eventually associated with those behaviours. Seeing particular places or persons, hearing specific music, etc, for instance, triggers in drug users the craving for their preferred drug. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Dr.Edythe D. capital of the United Kingdom and her colleagues at the Addiction Research Centre, in Baltimore, obtained images showing that in cocaine-users, cues associated with the use of the drug sparked an add in the metabolism of glucose in brain areas that are associated with holding and learning (lateral pre-frontal cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum). Up to straight, is far from complete our knowledge about t he cerebral, chemical and structural changes that underlie reward and act as reinforcers for different behaviours, including that of drug use.Nevertheless, late(a) researches point to a chain of reactions, involving several neurotransmitters, leading to the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in a brain region. Compare and contrast the Physical Dependence and compulsive Incentive theories of drug dependency. Drug colony has two components physical settlement, and psychological dependency. Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become accustomed to its effects. The person must then continue to use the drug in order to feel normal, or its absence will trigger the symptoms of insularism.Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has become emotionally reliant of its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of functioning without it. Its absence produces intens e cravings, which are often brought on or magnified by stress. A dependent person may have either aspects of dependency, but often has both. Chipping is also a term used to describe a pattern of drug use in which the user is not physically dependent and sustains controlled use of a drug.This is done by avoiding influences that reinforce dependence, such that the drug is used for relaxation and not for escape. Physical Dependency specimen After repeated exposure to certain drugs, withdrawal symptoms appear if the drug is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms are compensatory reactions that oppose the primary effects of the drug. Therefore they are the arctic of the effects of the drug. Withdrawal effects are unpleasant and reduction in these effects would therefore constitute negative living.Negative reinforcement is the reinforcement of behaviour that terminates an aversive stimulus Negative reinforcement could explain why addicts continue to take the drug. However some addicts will endure withdrawal symptoms (go cold-turkey) in order to reduce their tolerance so that they can recommence drug intake at a lower dose which costs less to purchase. Concentrating on the role of physical withdrawal effects at the expense of other psychological factors led to the failure to recognize the addictive properties of cocaine.Cocaine does not produce physical dependency (tolerance and withdrawal symptoms) but it is more addictive than heroin. This diagram (redrawn from Julien, 1995), shows the changing pattern in the major drug used by patients admitted to drug treatment programs in New York city during the 1980s. It is also important to emphasize that reduction in withdrawal symptoms does not explain why people take drugs in the first place. Negative reinforcement may account for initial drug taking in some situations. For example, someone who is suffering from unpleasant emotions may experience a reduction in these feelings (i.e. negative reinforcement) following drug adm inistration. However the most likely reason for drug taking involves corroborative reinforcement. Positive Reinforcement Model The reinforcing properties of a drug are thought to be reason why most people become given to drugs. Addictive drugs are positive reinforcers (Carlson, 2001). As you know positive reinforcement can lead to learning a new response, and the maintenance of existing behaviours. It follows that the behaviours associated with taking an addictive drug (i. e. injecting or smoking it) will increase in probability.One way of testing this claim is to examine the reinforcing properties of drugs in animals. We already know that conventional reinforcers support bar-pressing in animals, therefore if a drug maintains a response such as bar-pressing in an animal, it is a reinforcing stimulus. At one time it was believed that animals could not be made addicted to drugs, but that view is now rejected because technical developments have shown that animals will learn new behav iours that cause injection of drugs into their body. Explain how the study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction.The study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction. The reinforcing effects of drugs during intoxication create an environment that, if perpetuated, triggers the neuronic adaptations that result in addiction. Imaging studies in drug abusers as well as nondrug abusers have shown that drugs of abuse increase the extra-cellular concentration of drug addiction in the striatum and that these increases were associated with their reinforcing effects. The subjects who had the greatest increases in drug addiction were the ones who experienced drug effects such as high, rush, or euphoria most intensely.These studies also showed that the reinforcing effects appeared to be associated not only with the magnitude but also with the abruptness of the drug addiction increase. Thus, for an equivalent increase in drug add iction, the drug was experienced as reinforcing when it was injected intravenously, which leads to fast drug uptake in the brain and presumably very fast changes in drug addiction concentration, but not when it was given orally, which leads to a slow rate of brain uptake and presumably slow increases in drug addiction concentration.The dependency of the reinforcing effects of drugs on fast and large increases in drug addiction concentration is reminiscent of the changes in drug addiction concentration induced by phasic drug addiction cell firing (fast-burst firing 30 Hz), which also leads to fast changes in drug addiction concentration and whose function is to highlight the saliency of stimuli. This contrasts with tonic drug addiction cell firing (slow firing at frequencies around 5 Hz), which maintains base-line steady-state drug addiction levels and whose function is to set the overall responsiveness of the drug addiction system.This led us to speculate that the ability of drugs of abuse to induce changes in drug addiction concentration that mimic but exceed those produced by phasic drug addiction cell firing results in over-activation of the neuronal processes that highlight saliency, and that this is one of the relevant variables underlying their high reinforcing value. However, studies show that increases in drug addiction concentration during intoxication occur in both addicted and non-addicted subjects, so this by itself cannot explain the process of addiction.Since drug addiction requires chronic drug administration, we suggest that addiction results from the repeated perturbation of reward circuits (marked drug addiction increases followed by drug addiction decreases) and the consequent disruption of the circuits that it regulates (motivation/drive, memory/learning, and control). Indeed, imaging studies in drug-addicted subjects have consistently shown long-lasting decreases in the numbers of drug addiction D2 receptors in drug abusers compared with controls.In addition, studies have shown that cocaine abusers also have decreased drug addiction cell activity, as evidenced by minify drug addiction release in response to a pharmacological challenge with a stimulant drug. We postulate that the decrease in the number of drug addiction D2 receptors, coupled with the decrease in drug addiction cell activity, in the drug abusers would result in a decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to stimulus by natural reinforcers.This decreased sensitivity would lead to decreased interest in ordinary (day-to-day) environmental stimuli, possibly predisposing subjects for seeking drug stimulation as a means to temporarily activate these reward circuits. Imaging studies provide evidence of disrupted sensitivity to natural reinforcers in addiction. For example, in a study by Martin-Solch and colleagues, the meso-striatal and meso-corticolimbic circuits of opiate addicts were not activated in response to natural reinforcers, whereas they were in controls subjects.Similarly, in a second study by the same group, DA-regulated reward centres in tobacco smokers failed to activate in response to monetary reward. Interestingly, decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to acute alcohol administration has also been documented in cocaine abusers compared with control subjects. These findings suggest an overall reduction in the sensitivity of reward circuits in drug-addicted individuals to natural reinforcers, but also possibly to drugs besides the one to which they are addicted (extracted from the Journal of Clinical Investment May 15, 2003).

“Horses of the Night” by Margaret Laurence Essay

How an individual looks at life makes all the difference in how it will turn out. In the story, Horses of the Night, by Margaret Laurence, a young and innocent narrator, genus Vanessa, befriends the much older Chris, who deals with his problems by hiding in his own fantasy world. Chris and Vanessa are character-foils of each other, and their surveys are represented accordingly. Vanessas perspective keeps her grounded to reality, and Chriss is a very negative force in his life. Laurence shows that the abnormal perspective that Chris holds has very tragic consequences.Just as the time in which Horses of the Night is set infuses the story with an atmosphere of despair, so does the predicament that Chris faces from the beginning of his appearance in the story. Although Chris has at least high hopes on the outside that he will make it to college, the reader, his family, and possibly even him know that, the answer is a foregone conclusion he wont be able to afford it. Vanessa is aware th at she is living during the Depression, but it affects her much less than it does Chris. From her perspective, the Depression and drought were outer and abstract, malevolent gods whose names I secretly learned although they were concealed from me, and whose evil I sensed only superstitiously.Chris tries to escape from his hardships by taking a pedestal of optimism, and often enhancing things to seem better than they are. For example, Chris tells Vanessa he is going to be a world traveler when in reality he is only bonny a traveling salesman. Chris wants peoples judgments of him to be good, and also believes his own mistruths to create a better sense of self-worth for himself. One of the reasons he is fond of children junior than himself is because of their adoration for him. Vanessa is also aware of being judged poorly, but more so by Chris than anyone else. From her perspective, the relationship between Chris and her is tarnished by the age difference.Although Chris is always aspirant on the outside, on the inside he is utterly pessimistic. On the night when Chris and Vanessa stay at the lake, he expresses his true feelings for the first time. When he is talk about the stars, he points out that, we wont ever get to know about the stars. Wealso learn that he is bitter about the nature of the universe. mint usually say there must be a God, he said, but thats ridiculous. On the other side of Chris is Vanessa. Vanessa is relatively unresponsive to Chriss rants about the world. She was not going to argue with him at the time, but we learn that she does not take his cynical view when she hesitantly says, sometimes, when referring to his perspective of the stars.Laurence shows that as a character thinks, a characters life unfolds. Vanessa and Chris, although good friends, have very different perspectives of the world they live in, and for Chris, his negativity ends up destroying his mind.

History of the Periodic Table Essay

rationalise how scientific observations led to the development of, and changes to, the periodic table. -Dmitri Mendeleev- first periodic table, make 63 known elements according to properties, organized into rows and columns and wrote epithet, mass, and chemical properties on each -Julius Lothar Meyer- independently worked in Germany, similar to Mendeleev -Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley- Worked with Ernest Rutherford, experimented with 38 metals, he found that the positive charge of each elements heart and soul increased by wholeness from element to element as they were arranged in Mendeleevs periodic table, lead to modern definition of moteic make sense ( of protons in atoms nucleus) and the recognition the atomic number was basis for organization of periodic table.Describe the organization of the modern periodic table.Arranged from left(p) to right in rows (periods) by increasing atomic number and top to bottom in columns (groups) based on similar chemical propertiesLesson 03.02 collection name and PropertiesComp atomic number 18 and contrast the properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. -Metals- good conductors of heat and electricity and reflect light and heat, most luster (shine) and most are malleable (hammered or rolled into sheets) -Non-metals- curt conductors of heat and electricity, most are gas at room temperature, those that are solid are not malleable -Metalloids- a semiconductor (conduct electricity mitigate than non-metals but not as good as metals), some characteristics of metals but to a greater extent like nonmetalsIdentify groups and sections of the periodic table by group name and common properties. 3.02 notesLesson 03.03 Periodic TrendsDescribe and explain the trends for effective nuclear charge, atomic radius, bonce radius, and ionization goose egg across a period and down a group. -Effective Nuclear Charge- the charge (from the nucleus) felt by the valence negatrons after you have taken into account the number of shieldi ng electrons that surround the nucleus. -Atomic radius- half the distance surrounded by the centers of two atoms of that element that are bonded together -Ionization Energy- the energy required to remove one electron from an element, resulting in a positive ion. -Ionic radius- One-half the diameter of an ion.A positive ion is called a cation, and a cast out ion is called an anion. Nonmetals usually become anions and metals usually become cations.Predict the properties of an element based on the known patterns of the periodic table. physical exertion periodic tableDescribe and explain the periodic trends for electron resemblance (honors). Electron affinity-The energy involved when a neutral atom gains an electron Becomes more negative (more energy is given off) for each element across a period from Group 1 to Group 17 because of an increase in effective nuclear charge. Becomes less negative (more positive) going down a group, because each electron is being added to a higher energy level farther from the nucleus.Explain the exceptions to the trend across a period for ionization energy (honors). Noble gases in Group 18 all have positive electron affinity values. The noble gases must be forced to gain an electron because they already have a full valence energy level. The alkaline earth metals in Group 2 and the nonmetals in Group 15 both have electron affinity values close to zero due to electron tie and effective nuclear charge. Nitrogen, in Group 15, does not form a stable -1 ion because when an additional electron is added to nitrogens valence energy level, it is added to a 2p orbital that already has one electron. The weak attraction among the added electron and nitrogens nucleus is why there is not much energy given off.Lesson 03.04 Valence Electrons and BondingDefine and compare ionic and covalent bonding.-Ionic Bond- A chemical bond that results from electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions, electrons are given up by one atom and gai ned by another atom, and then those atoms are attracted to each other.Between a metal and nonmetal. -Covalent bond- Electrons are shared between two atoms, neither atom completely gains or loses electrons. Between two nonmetals.Relate your knowledge of the periodic trends to the chemical bonding exhibited by various elements.Lesson 03.05 Ionic Bonding and Writing FormulasDetermine an elements ionic charge based on its location on the periodic table. Group 1- 1+Group 2- 2+Group 3- 3+Group 4- 4+Group 5- 3-Group 6- 2-Group 7- 1-Group 8- non-reactive noble gasesWrite the correct ionic formula when given two elements that bond ionically. Use question above and periodic tableLesson 03.06 Covalent Bonding and Lewis StructuresDetermine how many covalent bonds an atom needs in order to fill its valence shell, using the periodic table. Must get to 8 valance electrons.Ex. Group 17 needs one more valance electron group 6 needs 2 more valance electronsDraw correct Lewis structures to model coval ently bonded molecules when given the name or formula of the molecule.Describe your observations and conclusions from the virtual lab.Lesson 03.07 Intermolecular ForcesUse VSEPR theory to predict the shape of a molecule based on its Lewis structure. The VSEPR theory is about geometry of unites and electron location.Compare and contrast intermolecular forces (London dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole).London dispersion forces occur between all molecules and particles but are the only force of attraction between nonpolar molecules or noble gas atoms. These forces are the weakest of the intermolecular forces. The London dispersion forces are caused by the motion of electrons. Dipole-dipole forces are electrostatic interactions of permanent dipoles in polar molecules.The attractive forces that occur between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule scarper to align the molecules to increase the attraction. Hydrogen b onding is a particularly strong dipole-dipole interaction in which hydrogen is covalently bonded to a highly negative element, and attracted to the very electronegative element in another molecule. It occurs only in molecules containing N-H, O-H or F-H bonds. Ion-dipole forces are attractive forces that result from the electrostatic attraction between an ionic combine and a polar molecule. This interaction is most commonly found in solutions, especially in solutions of ionic compounds in polar solvents, such as water.Identify the intermolecular forces experienced by different compounds. Intramolecular Forces The forces of attraction that occur between individual molecules.Lesson 03.08 Naming CompoundsCorrectly name covalent compounds, ionic compounds, and acids when given their formulas. A metal forms a positive ion (cation) and a nonmetal forms a negative ion (anion). The cation and anion combine to form an ionic compound, more specifically referred to as a binary ionic compound .Write the formulas for ionic compounds, covalent compounds, and acids from their names.Name hydrates or write the formula of a hydrate when given its name (honors). Same prefixesLesson 03.09 Molar bundle of Compounds reckon the molar mass of compounds from the formula.Determine empirical formulas from percent by mass or mass data.Empirical formula The formula of a compound in which the subscripts represent the lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms.Determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass of a substance. No clueCalculate the molar mass of a hydrate and determine the formula of a hydrate from experimental data (honors). H2O- 18.015Determine the empirical formula of a compound from the mass of the productsproduced in experimental reactions (honors).

Black Death in Europe Essay

European people faced great hardship during the years 1347-1352 suffering from the effects of the bubonic Plaque. Prior to this epidemic hitting Europe the creation of Europe was growing faster than the food supplies could keep up with and economic crisis was beginning to take place. one time the bubonic Plaque started spreading it took center stage and over population would non be an issue of concern any longer. The Bubonic Plaque, also referred to as the Black Death, was caused by a bacterial infection found mostly in rodents and their fleas. The infected fleas would come into encounter with humans and death would occur in less than a week. Humans suffered from high fever, aching limbs, and lymph nodes would swell and turn black. Humans also contributed to the spread of the plaque by non-effected people coming into contact with the body fluids of an effected person. As the plaque spread the people of Europe found themselves shifting from community and family to worrying about s urvival of the individual. Men who worked with animals promise the plaque and died.Women that contracted the plaque that survived could no longer carry a child and were abandoned by their husbands. Children found themselves fighting to survive as their parents were interpreted by the plaque. Families that did have children would abandoned their children who became infected, the plaque would kill children within hours of contraction if not immediately. In attempt to escape the plaque people that lived in the cities frequently traveled to the country and most often ta fag the plaque with them only cause more death. Europe lost roughly one third of the population due(p) to the Bubonic Plaque. The economy during this time also saw a great shift from the twenty five dollar bill million people lost due to the plaque. Feudalism, which was strong before the plaque, weakened as European people realized that they could work and survive on their own. Many of the farm workers died leaving t he land in bad shape which meant poor crop return and a declining food supply. The famers and workers that managed to survive the plaque were able to demand more wages from the knights, baron, or king that owned the land they worked. The cows, goats, sheep, and other live stock that were used for food supply were often shared among communities but as people feared for survival these animals were brought wrong homes to prevent exposure only causing more death from spread of the plaque and other diseases.Lastly the economysuffered from lack of trade with other counties. The Bubonic Plaques massive death toll left other countries fearful of trading goods adding to the already hard economy. While the Bubonic Plaque did not completely vanish until late in the fifteenth century the effects on life and economy during the peak of contamination was dramatic. In a five year span Europe experienced entire towns and villages being left lifeless from the Bubonic Plaque. The bacterial infection spread without regard to social and sparing class, killing both adults and children. Those that did survive the plaque found new opportunities through negotiating and rebelling.

A Beautiful Mind Characterization and Dialogue

Writing Portfolio The 2001 biopic/drama film A Beautiful Mind, directed by Ron Howard is a flower example of a text in which visual and verbal techniques are used to scram the temperament of a character. An important job for the director of every film is to establish a framework and personality for the protagonist. A Beautiful Mind is no different, and visual and verbal techniques are used effectively to come the personality of John Nash.But because Ron Howard is dealing with a very complex character in the form of a paranoid schizophrenic mathematician, his personality is forever changing and the differing film techniques achieve this. As this film is a biopic/drama drawn into one, the looker follows Nashs spirit over a number of years. Nash faces many sleek dilemmas and the way he deals with these situations are conveyed to the audience, using these film techniques. Nash (who is portrayed by Russell Crowe) changes drastically throughout the text, because he patronages fro m paranoid schizophrenia.Director Ron Howard uses the technique of characterisation to adapt his personality in different ways. Throughout the text, the viewer is introduced to several imaginary characters, who are in fact delusional figures growd by Nash. The first component of the characterisation technique is when director Ron Howard chooses to introduce these characters. Often injected at great quantifys of stress for Nash, the delusion characters normally create further dispute between Nash and his real life companions.An important stage of the text is just after the climax, where Howard chooses to include and remove Nashs best friend Charles (in the form of the actor). Nash is preparing a bath for his baby son, while wife Alicia is outside tending to the washing outside. But because Nash suffers from schizophrenia, he is delusional and believes his friend Charles is watching the baby. For the viewer, all that is witnessed is the baby lying in the bath, crying its lungs out as water seeps over its head. Nashs personality is developed negatively in this face. For the viewer, Nash is developed negatively because of these delusions.The delusions put his baby sons life at risk, and also cause a further rift between Nash and his wife Alicia. In ahead scenes, Nashs friend Charles was in fact present to the viewer in the form of the actor (portrayed by Paul Bettany). The effort to include the actor in these earlier scenes is a bid by the director to create the same realism for Nash, as for the audience. But in later scenes, the removal of Bettany and other cast members changes the viewers perspective of this protagonist. As the actor is no longer present, the viewer is forced to side with Alicia in thinking John Nash is delusional.The viewer here, is easily able to pin point the affects that paranoid schizophrenia has on Nash, and other sufferers of that disorder. Characterisation is important, as in these later scene his personality is changed into a very confused man. The confident, charming and intelligent John Nash of Princeton University is instantly alter personality due to the including and removing of key characters. These key characters not only include Charles, but also his niece Marcee and Special Forces Operative William Pacher. Dialogue is another technique (this time verbal) which is important in developing the personality of character John Nash.Director Ron Howeard opts to portray Nash as an arrogant and scornful outlander in the opening scenes of the film. During these stages, dialogue is pivotal to develop this personality. There must be some mathematical formula for how bad that tie is, Nash statesto a fellow student on his first twenty-four hours at Princeton. While later, he criticises his co-recipient scholarship winner Martin Hansen by announcing There isnt one seminal or innovative idea in all of his pre-prints. These quotes are just two extracts of dialogue from the early scenes of the text which develop t his arrogant and scornful personality.As the text continues and his problems with schizophrenia are developed, the idea of Nash being an outsider is put in place. Another form of dialogue is important in the closing scenes of the text. Nashs personality has transformed remarkably from his younger days. In his elderberry bush years, he is back teaching at Princeton. Nash is a much more mellow man in these scenes and dialogue is again used as a technique to develop this personality. After being nominated for the Nobel Prize, Nash concludes during his reception speech. Perhaps its good to have a beautiful mind, but its an so far greater gift to discover a beautiful heart.This piece of dialogue is essential in reflecting the more mellow character that Ron Howard chooses to develop. In earlier scens, Nash is arrogant, scornful and pre-occupied to solve an innovative maths formula. Combined with his schizophrenia, this results in Nash being regarded as an outsider. In these times, he is greatly supported by his wife Alicia, as she deals with his mental disorder also. By Nash saying an even greater gift is to have a beautiful heart, proves that does identify the most important matter in life, which is his family.His eternal love for Alicia and their son, is more important than solving mathematical formulas, and his dialogue re-iterates this changed persona. No longer is Nash a scornful outsider, and his great love for Alicia (in which he again displays) is seen more favourably by the viewers of the text and develops a nicer personality of Nash. All respect to Russell Crowe, who portrays the life of a paranoid schizophrenic fantastically, its the crucial visual and verbal techniques implemented by the director that implement this. Nashs personality is troubled and he is presented as dangerous during the bath scene with his son.By the removal of actors playing the delusional characters in the film, the viewer is truly able to see how disdurbed Nash is because of his illness. While the dialogue is unsed in the opening an clothing scenes to change Nashs personality from an outsider, to a more open and affectionate man. Nashs personality in the earlier scenes, is probably related to schizophrenia in general. People who suffer from the illness are often felt alone and compainionless. Ron Howards ability to truly reflect the persona of a PSD sufferer is important. In later scenes, Nash is drastically changed and no longer scene as an outsider.This transformed personality is the result of careful and meaningful dialogue in the test. This would relate to Nash being much softer in the closing scenes towards both his wide and the wider society he lives in. This re-iterates the importance of language techniques and how they can be used to show a characters position amongst a community. Nash who in the beginning is established as an outsider, becomes a much more balanced man , involved in the Princeton community. Dialogue is just one of these techniques used to develop the character of John Nash effectively.

Definition of Poetry

What is Poetry? agree to W. H. Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry addicted by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below * Johnson Metrical part , it is the art of uniting pleasure with truth by watchwording fancy to the help of reason * Macaulay we lowly the art of employing words in such(prenominal) a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours * Carlyle We will call Musical thought Shelley In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination * Hazlitt It is the language of the imagination and the passions * Leigh Hunt The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity * Coleridge Poetry is the antithesis of sc ience, having for its immediate object pleasure, non truth * Wordsworth It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the instigate of all science * Edgar Allan Poe It is the rhythmic creation of beauty * Keble A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination * Doyle It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand * Ruskin The suggestion by the imagination, of noble thou for the noble emotions * Prof. Courthope The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language * Mr. Watts-Dunton The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and singsong language * Matthew Arnold It is simply the most delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words canful reach * It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth * It is a criticism of life under the conditions fi xed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty As Hudson state when we sense of smell at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are around distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetic in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too concentrate and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

The mistress and harp of burma

In Nipponese Literature, stories have ofttimes depicted what greatly influenced the prevalent achievement of common keep and social sentiment. In the deuce books written by Japanese authors in devil separate periods of Japans history, a transition is clearly seen through literature often verbalised in superb storytelling.In Ogai Moris The Wild Geese, world struggle is greatly influenced by tales of cheat in the midst of Japans industrialization boom. Writers depict and assimilate the concepts of free-thinking which brought romance and human emotion to the limelight. The familiarity of the reforms established during the period for which Ogais invigorated was actually written apparently brought forward the view to openly discuss Japans so-called evil customs and traditions in a compress to strengthen the imperial rule.Okada, as one of the main characters clearly narrated how he felt that a fair sex should be only a beautiful object, something loveable, a being who keeps her beauty and loneliness no emergence what the situation she is in (Ogai, 20). In the same page, Okada added that this sentiment is brought about under the influence of habitual information of old Chinese love stories. There is therefore a clear view in rule that establishes a need to disregard culture and minds that wrongly adapted the old Oriental ways which often restricted free-thinkers to intellectually prosper.In Toyodas moving-picture show, The Mistress, adapted from Mori Ogais The Wild Geese, oriental set was the main discussion with aims to expose the ancient cultural standards that stand in the way of personal freedom. In Otama we see the oppressed and marginalized people driven and deceived without any hope of being uplifted from the moral and constraining bounds that society places upon them. The simplistic adventure of romance in a plot heightens into limelight the realities of life and the prevailing social views of the middle class which somehow voices out a need for reform in the Meiji Restoration period.Several decades later after Japan was able to stand on its own two feet, Japan experienced a wartime defeat that brought home sad stories of soldiers taken as prisoners of war. Takayamas populate of Burma showed pacifism as the main aim of both refreshed and on film. We have to be set for hardship, for all we know, we may die here in Burma. If that time comes, let us die unneurotic, (Takeyama, 33).Such poignant words relay veiled patriotism whose desire for peace in an truce agreement with their British captors aims to relay the evils of war. Written during a period where wartime horrors still stayed afresh in the minds of the Japanese people, there was not an ounce of blame or an aim to proclaim the evils of their captors. Its sincere inward idea was just to dwell on the problems the war brought to everyone involved.In retrospect, The Harp of Burma establishes a fater humanistic joining to young day events where peace is the common desire of mankind. The movie through cinematic effect exceeds sensory materialization that somehow created a link to present day situations around the world where wars and battles are fought. Although Ogais novel discussed social issues on a road to recovery, the pressing need for peace exceeds in meaning and connection through the Harp of Burma that was successfully portrayed in film. Seeing the ravages of war makes a good criticism how one favors such madness that resulted in tragedy and death.As an anti-war film, it even exceeded the points portrayed in its novel where suffering is presented as a result of too much desire. As a challenge to survival, the movie Fires on the Plain declares a clearly made manifestation of human woes compared to the movie of the same title, The Burmese Harp. Both movies however adapted Takeyamas novel The Harp of Burma that depicted a deep sense of longing for the fatherland while emphasizing compassion in the midst of survival and atrocities. As a human interest film, Fires on the Plain arouses a relative connection through esthetic performance of reality in full color for young viewers to understand how wars wreak and jade even the strongest heart.Works CitedMori, Ogai trans. Ociai, Kingo and Goldstein, Sanford (1959). The Wild Geese. BostonTuttle PublishingTakeyama, Michio trans., Howard Hibbett ( 1966). Harp of Burma. Boston Tuttle Publishing.

Taxation Assignment

Question 1 aTax treatment to an individual if his employer was to provide the following benefits in package 1 Rental of flatcar $ requital Airfargon for base leave (1trip) (20% x 5000) 1,000 220,000 Employees remuneration 221,000 Rental of flat ( housing accommodation benefit) for a non- director get out be assessed based on the lower of the unitary- grade nourish of the accommodation provided or 10% of the employees remuneration inclusive of alone other benefits except hotel accommodation.Therefore, housing benefit will be assessed at $22,100 because it is assessed based on the lower of (10% x 221,000= $22,100) or annual value of rental apartment of $60,000. Home leave passage According to capital of capital of capital of Singapore revenue income law, home leave passage is provided by the employer to nonSingaporeans and non-permanent residents, the benefit is assessable to revenue based on 20% of the apostrophize to the employer.This concessionary treatment yet scum bag apply to ONE return leave passage per annum each for the employee and spouse, and cardinal return passage for each child of employee per annum if child should be unmarried, under 16 years rare or otherwise receiving full-time education or incapacitated. Therefore, in this package 1, Mr Rouse will be assessed for home leave passage at 20% x 5,000= $1,000 Relocation passageAccording to Singapore tax law, movement passages are by concession non a taxable benefit on the employee so that all the relocation expenses is not taxable benefit for Mr Rouse. b Package 1 $ Salary Annual rental of apartment Home leave passage (20% x 5000) Statutory income less(prenominal) donation non apologise income Less eternal sleep Chargeable income Tax on maiden $160,000 Balance 17% (238,100 160,000) x 17% 220,000 22,100 1,000 243,100 NIL 243,100 (5,000) 238,100 15,500 13,277 28,777 Less 20% tax rebate (capped at $2000) Net tax payable (2,000) 6,777 Package 2 $ Salary Statutory Income Less donat ion Assessable income Less Relief Chargeable income Tax in 1st $160,000 Balance 17% 17% x (295,000-160,000) 300,000 300,000 NIL 300,000 (5,000) 295,000 15,500 22,950 38,450 Less 20% tax rebate (capped at $2,000) Net tax payable (2,000) 36,450 c Mr Rouse should choose package 1 because in this package, he can receive many benefits as well as many concessionary treatments that can reduce the net tax payable, in order to get amplyer return than in package 2. Singapore is a body politic where the government uses many policies that include many benefits, treat with consideration to attract talents from many the other countries and tax law is not the exception. Therefore, Mr Rouse should choose or ask more benefits instead of only high salary such as house accommodation benefit, home leave passage, relocation passage, transportation benefit, etc. to gather many concessionaries to minimize his statutory income as well as to reduce tax payable. Question 2 aThe relevant dates in shareh olders continuity test are different for unabsorbed capital allowances and foxiness losses and donation.Unabsorbed capital allowances can be carried a throwst future profits provided the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the 2 relevant dates The last day of the YA (31 Dec) it arose And The first day of the YA (1 Jan) it is utilized Trade losses and donations can be carried against future profits provided the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the 2 relevant dates The last day of the year it arose (31 Dec of the calendar year) And The first day of the YA it is utilized (1 Jan of YA) b YA 2008 correct tax loss (trade loss) YA 2009 Adjusted profit $40,000 $422,000The shareholders of Feathers Pte Ltd based on % are as follows 31/12/2007 Ee Mei Sarah 60% 40% 30/9/2008 40% 60% 31/12/2008 40% 60% 1/1/2009 10% 90% Assumption on 1 Jan 2009, Donald distillery holds 5000 shares ( perfect shares are 50,000 shares) Therefore, Queenss sharehold ers and their shareholdings are as follows Number of share 31/12/2007 Donald Ee Mei Ee Mei 25,000 20,000 60% x 5,000 = 3000 Sarah 40% x 5,000 = 2000 Total number of 50,000 shares 30/9/2008 5,000 10,000 40% x 35,000 = 14,000 60% x 35,000 = 21,000 50,000 s at 31/12/2008 5,000 10,000 40% x 35,000 = 14,000 60% x 35,000 = 21,000 50,000 1/1/2009 5,000 40,000 10% x 5,000 = 500 90% x 5,000 = 4,500 50,000 Two relevant dates in shareholders continuity test for trade loss are 31 Dec 2007 and 1 Jan 2009. Queenss shareholders and their shareholdings in % as follows 31/12/2007 Donald Ee Mei 50% (20,000 + 3,000)/ 50,000 x 100% = 46% Sarah (2000/ 50,000) x 100% = 4% 100% 1/1/2009 10% (40,000 + 500)/ 50,000 x 100% = 81% (4,500/ 50,000) x 100% = 9% 100% anterior years trade loss (adjusted tax loss) in YA 2008 can be carried against YA 2009 current years profit because the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the two relevant dates of 31/12/2007 and 1/1/2009. YA 2009 $ Adjusted pr ofit Less trade loss brought forward 422,000 (40,000) Assessable income/ chargeable income 382,000 Conditions to qualify for the tax exemption for new start-up company A qualifying company means a company incorporated in Singapore which for each of the first three years of sound judgement is resident in Singapore for that YA, and has its total share capital beneficially held directly by no more than 20 shareholders ? ? All of whom are individuals throughout the basis end for that YA or At least(prenominal) one of whom is an individual shareholder holding at least 10% of the total number of issued unexceptional shares of the company throughout the basis period for that YA.In the case of a company limited by guaranty ? ? all of its members must be individuals throughout the basis period for that YA or at least one of its member is an individual throughout the basis period for that YA, and the contribution of that individual under the Memorandum of connexion of the company to t he assets of the company in the event of its being wound up, amounts to at least 10% of total contributions of the members of the company throughout the basis period for that YA.Question 3 aThe Singapore tax system is considered as a territorial system because income accruing in or derived from Singapore (Singapore sourced) or overseas income original or deemed received in Singapore is assessable to tax. In other words, income that is sourced outside Singapore is not chargeable to Singapore income tax if this overseas income is not received or deemed received in Singapore.One exception to this rule is dividend gain in Singapore. Under the new one-tier corporate tax system since 1 January 2003, tax will only be imposed at the corporate level and all dividends distributed by a Singapore tax resident company will be tax exempt for its shareholders. b Assumption basic period is 1/1/200x to 31/12/200x Ms Dinh Tams 2-year contract will be from 1/4/2006 to 31/3/2008.Year assessment of Phy sical presence in Residence Singapore/ period of employment YA 2007 1/4/2006- 31/12/2006 occupier Exercise of employment in Singapore is more than 183 days in the basic period YA 2008 1/1/2007- 31/12/2007 Resident Exercise of employment in Singapore is more than 183 days in the basic period YA 2009 1/1/2008- 31/3/2008 Non-resident Both periods of employment and physical presence are less than 183 days. Remarks c Mr common topaz KL, a Singapore resident, purchased a house in china. He rents it out and the rent is credited into his fix account in Hong Kong by the property agent.It means he receives a rental income in China and this income may be subject to tax in China remitted to Singapore is exempt from Singapore tax. In addition, according to Singapore tax law, all immaterial sourced income remitted by INDIVIDUAL RESIDENT in Singapore on or after 1 January 2004 will be exempt from tax. d Determine whether the following utility would be considered as income for tax purposes iT his income will be exempt from tax if Ah Kow is Singapore resident because this income may be taxed in Macau remitted to Singapore is exempt from Singapore tax.In addition, according to Singapore tax law, all foreign sourced income remitted by INDIVIDUAL RESIDENT in Singapore on or after 1 January 2004 will be exempt from tax. ii Profits made by a share cistron from bargain of shares is taxable income because shares are considered as his inventory to make profit therefore it is called revenue receipt for this share broker and that is subject to Singapore tax. iii Samantha Lee, a teacher made a profit from the sale of her piano is exempt from tax if this piano is her fixed asset and Samantha Lee doesnt repeat piano buy and sale transaction many times.It means this profit is capital receipt, not revenue receipt and so that it is not taxable. iv Money received from an unlawful business in Singapore is taxable income because it is revenue receipt and income derived in Singapore so tha t it is subject to tax in Singapore. v Money received from sale of computer by a occult school is exempt from tax because computer is considered as fixed asset of this private school. It means this income is capital receipt that is not taxable income.

Annotated Bibliography: Illegal Immigration Essay

An felonious immigrant is a unknown who has entered or resides in a land without the countries beginningization. According to the C.I.A. the nations immigrant population reached a record of 37.9 million in 2007 and nearly one in three immigrants is an ineligible alien.(Camarota) In 2000 on that point were reported 214 million immigrants in the world, immigrants now sustain up 3.1 percent of the world population. (Gonzalez and Nowicki) Normally extralegal immigrants go everyplacelooked in big economies, usually taking jobs that the citizens go out not do. However when a recession hits the illegal immigrants will be looked down on and blamed for being the cause of unemployment rates and getting the citizens rightfully possess political relation notes.The reason illegal in-migration is sociologically signifi domiciliatet is because thither are legion(predicate) diverse viewpoints on it, some the great unwashed think it armed services and some others think it only hinde rs. In some cases it derriere help the economy with low skilled workers taking jobs others would not normally want, but in other cases they can use government money, free education, and more(prenominal). I chose these selections because I thought they would best help my question paper. from each one journal displays some detrimental effect of illegal immigrants on the entertain country or a law relating to illegal immigrants and the affect that law has on the mint. Some papers display good outcomes for the host country, but might not necessarily be good for the country in a factual life situation.Chiswick, Barry R. extrajudicial Immigration and Immigration Control The diary of economic Perspectives 2 (1988) 101-115 Web. 6 April 2014Barry R. Chiswick has produce 394 papers, close to of which induct to do with economic standpoints. The main point of this paper is to show the economic encroachment of illegal immigration. according to Chiswick, Illegal immigrants put up an impact on the economic wellspring-being of the legal house physician population of the United States, both at the level of income and the distribution of income. (106) The paper therefore goes on to domain that the increased immigration of low-skilled workers will lead to an increase in the marginalproductivity hence the salary rate of higher skilled workers. (Chiswick 106) If so then the set about redeeming workers will continue to be paid the same and the higher skilled workers will start being paid more, thus jumper lead to an economic struggle and more of a difference in power. At this point the conflict theory could set in and lower-class workers could impart reason to rebel or go on strike.Chiswick then goes on to say The immigration of low-skilled workers with their dependents whitethorn reduce the income of the native population this meaning that every illegal immigrant that brings its family will potentially be lowering the average income of the Statesn citizen s. This reference is of value to my interrogation because it shows the disconfirming effects of illegal immigration and what would happen if it continues to go on. It in addition shows how little immigrants get paid, and how the amount of money they make is so forcefulally little that it actually lowers the average American household income. Being paid so little these people would have to struggle just to get by and may disco biscuit to violence or taking multiple jobs a direction from U.S. citizens. Dula, Giora, Nava Kahana and Tikva Lecker How to Partly Bounce Back the Struggle against Illegal Immigration to the Source Countries Journal of nation political economy 19 (2006)315-325 Web 6 April 2014Gloria Dula has published 20 papers, including 3 corrections and this her first on immigration. The main invention of the paper was to propose new evasive action in keeping illegal immigration down. According to the journal, by putting more funding into fortify its own internal a nd border control and the foreign aid given to some countries you would be adapted to minimize illegal immigration. The authors think this tactic will work because the negative impact on the well being of the majority of voters motivates rick countries to take mea authorizeds against illegal immigration. (Dula, Kahana, and Lecker 317) The paper overly states that there is little query that illegal immigration is a troublesome phenomenon for rich countries sense the illegal immigrants do not turn over taxes, are often involved in clandestine activities and are unable to obtain jobs in which they may be noticed (Dula, Kahana, and Lecker 316)Then it goes on to say most illegal immigrants are primarily low-skilled workers,(Dula, Kahana, and Lecker 316) if this is professedly then most Americans could have the jobs that these people come over seas for, demo that they are taking jobs that Americans can work. Thisreference is of value to my research because it shows the negative effe cts of illegal immigration and then comes up with a solution to the problem. By putting more funding into roomer protection we would be able to lower the threat that illegal immigration causes.Garca, Angel Solano Does Illegal Immigration Empower right-winger Parties? Journal of Population stintings 19 (2006) 649-670 Web. 6 April 2014Angel Solano Garcia has published 17 papers, all of which have related to political economy or immigration. The main purpose of the paper is to show the political influence that illegal immigration has on elections in America. Illegal immigration has turned into a smuggling crime and crime syndicates will take people over the border in exchange for money, most immigrants are caught up with organized crime by these criminal gangs. (Garcia 650) Garcia shows that immigration is spontaneously accused of being a major source of insecurity,(Garcia 650) which means that the prospect that speaks out against illegal immigration may have more influence on vote rs.Then by producing an equations Garcia seeks to prove himself right and says In our model, we assume that there exists a positive relation between the human body of illegal immigrants that enter the country and the natives perception of the lack of security in the host country. There could also be people that would feel like a candidate that did not like funding boarder control would be a better choice seeing how the U.S. government has been raising the follow outment budget of the U.S. boarder control from US$290 million in 1980 to US$1.7 billion in 1995.(Garcia 651) This reference is of value to my research because it shows a lot of negative effects on the U.S. due to immigration such as gang violence, government spending, and citizen insecurity. It also shows how illegal immigration can be used as a political advantage either by talking for or against it because of its sociological importance to people.Hall, Anthony. Illegal immigration and medical examination confidentialit yThe British Medical Journal, 280 (1980) 569-570. Web. 7 April 2014.Anthony Hall has had 903 papers published, all having to do with medicine orin the medical field. The authors stand point is against illegal immigration proving so when he uses many different negative effects to prove his point that illegal immigrants that enter the UK with means of getting medical attention should be deported and notified to the Home Office. The main purpose of this journal was to e laborate on what happens to illegal immigrants when needing medical attention. illegal immigration does not only effect America but also other countries as well, for England, under the immigration act of 1971 illegal immigration and over stay oning are criminal offences. (Hall 569) This paper also shows the amount of crime illegal immigrants has brought to the U.K. with Hall stating terrorists have entered the UK illegally and committed murder.There may be 50,000 illegal immigrants from Iran some have brought in heroin, and the proportion of Iranian heroin in the UK has greatly increased.(Hall 570) This is similar to the drugs being brought in along with gang violence from Mexico into America as stated by Angel Solano Garcia. This reference is of value to my research because it shows how all developed countries do not want illegal immigrants in order to reduce crime, disease, and government spending(Hall 570) Showing how all countries are affected by these three things when it has an abundance of illegal immigrants. take down though Hall states that most countries, both rich and poor, have frequently stricter immigration law than does the UK, other countries still experience the same harsh effects of illegal immigrationJacobs, Michael Immigration Controls and Racism Economic and political Weekly 20 (1985) 1075-1076 Web. 8 April 2014Michael Jacobs has published 1,810 papers most on the economy and environment. The author is for letting illegal immigrants stay because of his views on marriage and family.The main idea of the journal is to show how people discriminate against women when it comes to immigration and grace policies. Jacobs states that a recent report by the Commission for Racial comparability declared that the immigration rules were racist in operation(1075) because in most cases if an illegal immigrant couple enters America and has a child, the father will be deported where the mother will be able to stay so that she can raise the child. This means that there is alot of racialism going on when traffic with illegal aliens. There is also immigration issues when dealing with marriage, an illegal immigrant may try to gain citizenship by marrying a citizen of the country.This means that people are starting to have to go through interrogations to make sure that they are not getting married just for the purpose of citizenship. However the UK immigrants Advisory Service has already begun proceedings against this rule in the European court, on grounds of both racial d iscrimination an its good time on the right to marry according to choice and to live in the country of citizenship. (Jacobs 1075) There is much controversy over the issue but the one thing that is certain is that an extreme amount of racism and sexism is being used when dealing with these people. This reference is of value to my research because it shows how even though we might be trying to get non-citizens out of the country, we will never be able to do it properly until we are able to put aside the sexism.Palivos ,Theodore Welfare Effects of Illegal Immigration Journal of Population economics 22 (2009)131-144 Web. 3 April 2014Theodore Palivos has published 78 papers, most of which are about economical matters. The main purpose of the obligate is to show how illegal immigration is good for the host country by contributing to express countries economic growth and increasing their holdings of capital. By coming up with two equations that analyzed heterogeneous labor, wage, unemp loyment, and labor force to show that illegal immigration raises the welfare of domestic citizens . He also brings in many factors such as that there is less governmental control for such low paying factories so profit can grow more, and that the people working in these conditions do not strive for more because they cannot get a better job in their country.This reference is of value to my research because by showing that the effects of having no illegal immigrants would significantly open up more jobs, even though there would be a negative outcome, it would still give opportunities for pay to more American citizens. If the work he had done represented a country that had no minimum wage then his findings would have been remote with my paper, however because the U.S. does have minimum wage it reverses all of the results because it leads to the conflict theory where there is job disceptation between domestic unskilled workers and immigrants. (Palivos 132)Robison, W. G. Illegal Immigra nts in Canada Recent Developments International Migraton Review18 (1984) 474-485 Web. 7 April 2014W. G. Robinson has published 197 paper, most about medicine. The main point of the journal is to inform about the immigration policies in Canada and how they have changed over time. According to Robison Immigration policies and their management in a country like Canada have long been an arouse and instructive study for other countries,(474) this could be because of its strange boarders and rapid legislative and administrative responses to problems.(Robinson 474) Robinson states thatIn order to make Canadas boarders harder to get across immigration authorities in Canada have undertaken a number of test programs aimed at improving border control, (482) extended use of the visitors visa,(482) and if a persons visa is not accepted there is effective control without the cost of transportation to the visitor who is turned back at entry.(482)All of these things contributed to the drastic drop in illegal immigrants in Canada, because people with a work visa were able to stay in the country longer they were not considered illegal anymore. The people that did not get accepted for a visa were turned away and deported, expenses paid by Canada. This reference is of value to my research because it shows an effective way to get rid of unwanted illegal immigrants that may be used by other countries. This also gives incite on the affects of illegal aliens in other countries, by showing yet another country that is affected that is not America.Unenforced Boundaries illegal immigration and the limits of judicial federalism Harvard Law Review, 1081995 (1995)1643-1660 Web. 7 April 2012The Harvard law retread is a journal that publishes eight regular annual issues of various legal articles by professors, judges, practitioners, and students. The purpose of this article is to show how the federal government is ultimately in charge of what happens to illegal immigrants and not the state. In atomic number 20 proposition 187 was approved in 1994 was designed tomake illegal aliens ineligible for most state and local government- earmarkd social services, health care, and education. (1643) but then the paper goes on to state that a state has no power to prevent unlawful immigration, and no power to deport illegal aliens if the federal government, properly indictable with deporting illegal aliens, fails to do so, it should bear the burdens of their presence here.(1643) This means that even though they approved proposition 187, they have no power to get the illegal aliens out of the state so they would wind up having to pay for these people anyway.Thus the proposition would have no effect because of things such as the 14th amendment that requires states to provide public education to illegal-immigrant children on an equal basis with other children. It is also hard to document the be of illegal immigrants because they are by definition, undocumented. (1645) This refere nce is of value to my research because it shows that unless the government helps take action, the states affected by illegal immigrants will be stuck having to pay unnecessary taxes and fees for people that are not citizens. If the government were to enforce more laws on illegal immigration then we would have more money to spend on schooling and towns all over America, this can also apply to other countries in the sense that they would have more state funding if the government spending went up for boarder control and illegal immigrant deportation. industrial plant CitedCamarota, Steven. Immigrants in the United States, 2007 Center for Immigration. CIA, 2007. Web. 3 April 2014 Chiswick, Barry R. Illegal Immigration and Immigration Control The Journal of Economic Perspectives 2 (1988) 101-115 Web. 6 April 2014 Dula, Giora, Nava Kahana and Tikva Lecker How to Partly Bounce Back the Struggle against Illegal Immigration to the Source Countries Journal of Population Economics 19 (2006)315 -325 Web 6 April 2014 Garca, Angel Solano Does Illegal Immigration Empower Rightist Parties? Journal of Population Economics 19 (2006) 649-670 Web. 6 April 2014 Gonzalez, Daniel and Dan Nowicki. Governments across globe struggling with immigration AZcentral. AZcentral, n.d.Web. 3 April 2014 Hall, Anthony. Illegal immigration and medical confidentiality The British Medical Journal, 280 (1980) 569-570. Web. 7 April 2014. Jacobs, Michael Immigration Controls and Racism Economic and Political Weekly 20 (1985)1075-1076 Web. 8 April 2014 Palivos, Theodore Welfare Effects of Illegal Immigration Journal of Population Economics 22 (2009)131-144 Web 3 April 2014 Robison, W. G. Illegal Immigrants in Canada Recent Developments International Migraton Review18 (1984) 474-485 Web. 7 April 2014 Unenforced Boundaries illegal immigration and the limits of judicial federalism Harvard Law Review, 1081995 (1995)1643-1660 Web. 7 April 2014